How to Use Commas in Associated Press Style

Comma usage in Associated Press style differs from Standard English in some ways, but is the same in other ways. The conventions of using commas in AP style are explained below.

Instructions

1. Items in a simple series – Commas should be used to separate items in a series, but do not put a comma before the conjunction (and, or) when the series is simple (i.e., just consisting of one-word items). Examples: She likes swimming, biking and sleeping. Dogs, cats and goats live on the farm.

2. Items in a complex series – More commas are needed when the series is complex (containing extra conjunctions or consisting of phrases) so that confusion is avoided. Examples: She had chips, fruit, and a ham and cheese sandwich for lunch. One must consider whether to vote for the tax increase, who should be the new mayor, and how to improve the economy.

3. With adjectives that are equal – If commas could be replaced with the word “and,” the adjectives are considered equal: a dark, scary dungeon. But, commas are not used when one of the adjectives is essential to the noun phrase: an expensive fur coat.

4. With nonessential clauses and phrases – Use commas to set off phrases or clauses that are not essential to the meaning of the sentence. The coat, which was very expensive, is warm.

5. With introductory clauses – Add a comma after an introductory clause or phrase to separate it from the main sentence. If you like to exercise, you should try yoga. But, if the introductory phrase is short, the comma may be omitted. After the movie she went home.

6. To link two independent clauses joined by a conjunction – Independent clauses are basically complete sentences that can stand alone. More than just a conjunction (and, but) is needed to join independent clauses. They like to go to the cinema, but they do not like scary movies. We are going to the beach, and we are planning to learn to surf.

7. When introducing or attributing a direct quotation – A comma should be used to introduce a quote that is a complete sentence. Smith said, “We won the game fairly.” Or: “We won the game fairly,” Smith said.

8. With hometowns, ages or party affiliations – Jane Doe, 40, ran for mayor. Jane Doe, Chicago, Ill., ran for mayor. Jane Doe, D-N.Y., voted for the law.

9. With names of cities and states or countries – Paris, France; Little Rock, Arkansas

10. With exact dates – May 11, 1998

11. With yes and no, and direct address – Yes, I attended the funeral. Sir, where is the nearest mall?

12. To separate double word usage – This will help to avoid confusing constructions. What the problem is, is that too many people are attending.

13. With figures greater than 999 – 2,400; 1,000. But, do not use commas with years, addresses or others.

14. Another rule…commas always go inside quotation marks.

Tips & Warnings

• Always consult the Associated Press stylebook when in doubt.