Wikipedia
Theatrical makeup
In the performing arts, stage makeup is used by actors to assist in creating the appearance of the characters they portray.
Background
In Greek and Roman theatre, makeup was unnecessary. Actors wore various masks, allowing them to portray another gender, age, or entirely different likeness . Thespis, considered to be the first actor, used white lead and wine to paint his face. In Medieval Europe, actors altered their appearances by painting their faces a different color. Performers who portrayed God painted their faces white or gold; actors playing angels painted their faces red . During the Renaissance, actors were creative and resourceful when making-over their faces. They used lambs wool for false beards and flour as face paint..
Advancements in Stage lighting technology required stage makeup to evolve beyond one over-all face color to a multi-dimensional craft. Originally, theatres used candles and oil lamps, these two sources of light were dim and allowed for crude, unrealistic makeup applications . Once Gas lighting, Limelight, and, Electric light was introduced to theatres, there became a need for new makeup materials and more skillful application techniques. In 1873, Ludwig Leichner, a Wagnerian opera singer, began commercially producing a non-toxic greasepaint stick, easing the application of makeup.
Highlight and Shadow
Through the use of makeup, specifically highlighting and shading, the shape of an actor’s face can be changed(Corson 6). By highlighting the faces protruding bones, the features become pronounced; shadowing cavities can add depth (Westmore 2). Sagging jowls, forehead wrinkles, eye pouches, and prominent veins can be created by manipulating highlights and shadows (Corson 8). A highlight is a base makeup that is at least two shades lighter than the base. It is applied on the bridge of the nose, cheekbones, and areas under the eyes and below the brows (Westmore 29). Using a color two shades deeper than the read more at » http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatrical+makeup