Oxygen

As stove design has evolved over the years, wood stoves have gradually become more efficient. The whole goal is to maximize heat transfer to the room and minimize heat loss to the outside, and modern…

Swimming is an enjoyable and physically beneficial form of exercise. However, for people who are on oxygen for medical conditions, swimming in a pool can seem like something impossible. Oxygen tanks…

As of October 2011, the Oxygen Plus (O+) 95 percent enriched oxygen portable inhaler comes in three designs -- O+ Mini, O+ Skinni and O+ Elevate Pack. The Elevate Pack is the only container designed…

A limestone countertop has a smooth, attractive appearance that can become hindered after years of exposure to various types of dirt, stains and deposits. Since limestone is porous and has the…

Oxygen, the third most abundant element on Earth, makes up about one-fifth of the planet’s atmosphere. Animals, humans and even bacteria require oxygen to live, while plants release it as waste…

Corrosion is the chemical process that occurs when metals like iron are oxidized to form compounds like the iron oxides in rust. High temperatures generally accelerate chemical reactions like…

There is a distinct --- and dangerous --- reverse correlation between elevation and the amount of oxygen. The mechanism behind this is a matter of simple physics. The risks, on the other hand, are…

Understanding the dynamics of atoms begins with the periodic table. Individual atoms -- such as oxygen -- contain three basic parts: protons, neutrons and electrons. Altering the combination of…

Before releasing wastewater, waste treatment systems must prepare the water and sludge by dewatering it, making it easier to dispose of. Bacteria can help eliminate much waste while having a minimum…

Oxygenators and aerators constitute commercial products designed to increase the flow of oxygen in water. Companies market these products for various purposes, most commonly for maintaining healthy…

Fish are the types of pets many people enjoy having. Fish require less maintenance than many other animals. Betta fish are as easily cared for as are many other types of fish. However, one important…

Plants need a number of different things to thrive, including light, water and air. Even though most of the plant is above ground and exposed to the air, the roots of the plant still need oxygen.…

There are many ways to measure oxygen. While the techniques vary, the vast majority of them measure what is called "dissolved oxygen." This is the oxygen present in other substances. This measurement…

Dissolved oxygen is an indispensable component to seawater for the organisms living in our oceans. The major source of dissolved oxygen in water comes from the atmosphere and photosynthesis from…

Aluminum-bronze alloys are known for their dark color and resistance to corrosion and wear. Anodizing, which gives the alloys a shiny coating of metal oxides, further improves their corrosion…

Interest in the extraction of oil from algae has increased in the last few years, as people and governments seek out biofuels in order to decrease their dependence on non-renewable sources of energy…

The utilization of liquid oxygen has spread rapidly into many industries, including food production, medicine and space exploration. Atmosphere (air), which is mainly composed of nitrogen, oxygen and…

Natural gas accounts for 24 percent of the United States energy use. Before natural gas reaches your home it is processed to remove secondary elements until primarily composed of methane. Moisture is…

Some scientists believe that as many as 11 whale species are approaching extinction, including the blue whale, humpback whale and sperm whale. Other whale species are considered vulnerable, and still…

A growing world population and a rise in international prosperity has brought about a seriously increased demand for resources such as food and fuel. A solution to potential shortages in the future…

Homeostasis refers to self-regulating processes that living organisms use to maintain their internal stability, thus guaranteeing their survival. Bacteria can also self-regulate, adjusting to the ever…

Understanding how the body works is an important concept for young children to learn if they are to lead healthy and active lifestyles. Although the body is a complex machine, its systems and parts…

Polyethylene is an organic thermoplastic solid with a low melting temperature. Polyethylene plastic finds ample uses as thin sheets in the wrapping and packaging industry, in food processing industry…

Honolulu, Hawaii has many invertebrate species, including insects, crustaceans and spiders. Some Honolulu spiders can reach body lengths of over 1 inch, but most species are not dangerous to humans.…

Henry Cavendish thought argon was in the air in 1785, but two chemists, Sir William Ramsay and Lord Rayleigh, discovered the noble gas in the air in 1894. The Earth's atmosphere contains 0.93 percent…

Chemical oxygen demand, or COD, is a test that measures the amount of organic compounds in water. More specifically, the test is a process of decomposing pollutants in water after two hours of boiling…

At normal atmospheric conditions, nitrogen is a gas unless the temperature is at or below -320 degrees Fahrenheit. Because that temperature is prohibitively expensive to maintain, not to mention…

Homeostasis is the condition where a system is regulated, or controlled, to keep a certain balance or environment. This system maintains even when in adverse external conditions, such as extreme…

When the weather gets cold, plant cells tend to freeze, which harms their cell walls and may leave them brown or limp. But does a cold rain shower affect how plants will grow? You can find out by…

Twenty-one percent of the Earth's atmosphere is composed of oxygen which is colorless, odorless and tasteless at standard temperature and pressure. Oxygen can sustain life and support combustion. The…

The octopus makes an ideal theme for preschool or primary grade classrooms. Children find the octopus an interesting topic because of the way it moves, camouflages itself, and shoots an inky substance…

Oxygen concentration is a vital metric when measuring water quality. The organisms that live in lakes and streams require oxygen for life, and water that does not have enough oxygen in it soon loses…

Nitrates are a form of water contamination that typically seeps into water sources from sewage-rich septic systems. Nitrate-contaminated groundwater can have serious effects, both on the ecosystem and…

Invertebrate members of the order Araneae, spiders are adapted to live in many habitats across the world. More than 600 species of spiders are found in North American crop fields, which represents…

We can save trees and prevent unnecessary waste when we recycle paper. Recycled paper is used to make products that help us do everyday tasks. If you want to learn more about recycled paper products,…

Spiders are found in many environments, including holes in the ground, under leaves or inside homes, especially in dark areas, such as cellars and basements. Spiders are more common in homes that are…

Weathering is the process by which rocks are broken down into smaller parts. There are two basic types of weathering -- that which happens by physical processes, and that which happens by chemical…

Copper carbonate is an ionic salt that is composed of copper (II) and carbonate ions. The production of this compound is often used to illustrate the solubility differences of ionic salts. The…

Oxygen is a major component of air, which is necessary for life. Oxygen can be extracted from air as pure gas. If cooled under pressure to about minus 196 degrees Celsius, it becomes a liquid with…

Neon is a noble gas, found in Group 18 of the periodic table. Its atomic number is 10, which means its nucleus contains 10 protons, and it's surrounded by 10 electrons. Its chemical symbol is Ne, and…

There are two forms of nitrates: NO3 (nitrate) and NO3-N (nitrate-nitrogen). High levels of nitrates are dangerous to humans and animals, even though NO3 is found in soil naturally and is necessary…

The strength of any acid or base is ranked on the pH scale from 0 to 14, with numbers lower than 7 representing acids and numbers above 7 representing bases. The number 7 is reserved for neutral…

Pond water can serve as an excellent basis for numerous science experiments. From algae to insect larvae, pond water hosts almost limitless chemical and organic matter to be taken back to a lab and…

Oxygen is a gas that many people may take for granted. It occurs naturally in the air and water, sustaining life all over the world. However, oxygen is not limited to personal consumption. There are a…

Sugar is not just a sweetener for food. Sugar can be used in numerous science experiments to teach children things such as measuring sugar content or crystallization. Though some of these sugar…

Bleaching is a process used in the paper industry to make the wood pulp or recycled paper whiter. Chemicals used include hydrogen peroxide, chlorine and sodium dithionite. When released into the…

After running old bills and documents through a paper shredder, the mounds of shredded paper left over can be repurposed into a variety of projects. Here are some ideas on how to recycle the shredded…

Chemistry students regularly grow copper sulfate crystals in the laboratory, and the same experiment can be performed at home. Because of its poisonous nature, it is important to exercise caution…

Welding thick aluminum increases the usual challenges associated with welding aluminum, such as its tendency to rapidly conduct heat, often resulting in cracking, warping, and the weakening of the…

Whether you have a chronic lung disease such as emphysema or you are a mountaineer or a firefighter looking for supplemental oxygen, an oxygen inhaler can help. An oxygen inhaler is a device that…

Oxygen is the eighth element on the periodic table. It has an atomic weight of 16. It is a clear gas that you cannot smell or taste. This element plays a major role in society. It is part of the basis…

Portable oxygen helps patients with a need for oxygen therapy keep their independence. Oxygen is given to the patient through a tube, called a nasal cannula, that is inserted into the nose. The…

Oxygen is used as a breathing gas in recreations such as technical scuba diving and in emergencies when a person has been deprived of oxygen and needs 100 percent oxygen to be administered. Oxygen…

Water covers two-third's of the earth's surface. It is essential for the biochemical reactions that enable life. Four properties of water that make it an ideal medium for these biochemical reactions…

Liquid oxygen has several uses in the aerospace, submarine and gas industries. Its main function is as a rocket propellant. Rockets designed and flown since the beginning of the space age relied…

If you're studying biology at college or working your way through medical school, you'll encounter classes where you're expected to remember components of specific biochemical pathways such as…

Recycling paper in school is an easy and effective way to reduce waste, save natural resources and teach children about looking after their world. Every student, from kindergarten to grade 12, can…

Ionized water is marketed as healthier water as it is lower in acidity than regular drinking water. Ionized water is also known as "Alkaline Water." If you ionize your water at your home or office,…

Common weld defects in aluminum and steel, as in all metals, include lack of fusion, porosity and burn-through. Aluminum's heat conductivity is substantially higher than that of steel, meaning you…

CPR, or cardiopulmonary resuscitation, is a mixture of rescue breaths and chest compressions that a saver gives to a victim who is in cardiac arrest. Although CPR certification is required of many…

Copper sulfate (also spelled "sulphate") is a brilliant blue salt which readily dissolves in water. The solubility of copper sulfate is temperature-dependent, and increasing the water temperature…

Copper sulfate crystals are blue crystals formed from copper and several other chemical elements, including iron and lead. The blue crystals can be created in a classroom or a scientific lab. The…

Dissolved oxygen is the amount of gaseous oxygen in water (e.g. oxygen is not part of the H2O chemical bond). Dissolved oxygen is necessary for aquatic life to survive because it is what they breathe.…

Slumping bottles is an increasingly popular way to make functional art by collapsing glass bottles to make cheese trays, cutting boards or anything else you can come up with. Some people like having…

Oxygen placed under extremely cold temperatures turns into liquid oxygen. In a liquid state, oxygen can then be stored in a specialized tank. When the liquid oxygen is warmed in the tank, it…

Combustion is defined as the burning of a fuel and oxidant to produce heat and work. Every object that burns is fuel for the combustion. School science projects can focus on many aspects of combustion…

Teaching children about the cardiovascular system is a way of introducing them gradually to biological sciences. Students will be familiar with the idea that their heart beats, and that they breathe…

Whenever two or more molecules react to form new molecules, energy is released and stored to form or break bonds between atoms. In many cases, the energy released and stored is not equal, which causes…

The oxidation of benzoin with a mild oxidizing agent results in the formation of α-diketone, benzyl. The concentrated nitric acid is mainly used as an oxidizing agent in this reaction.

Comprehensive water testing is often used to assess the quality of water when new occupants buy a property. It is often necessary if the occupants have unusual health immunity or vulnerability.…

A long-standing problem in the production, handling, storage and transportation of natural gas is the condensate containing insoluble hydrocarbons, such as waxes, asphaltenes and resins (paraffins)…

Mammals that spend their entire lives in the water, whales are a very diverse group of animals, with great differences in size, habitat and methods of feeding. Migration, or the systematic movement…

There are several different methods of preparing alloys -- intimate mixtures of metals or metals and nonmetals -- depending on the chemistry of the metals involved. In all cases, however, the finished…

The Winkler titration method of measuring was invented by Lajos Winkler in 1888. The sole purpose of the method was to "measure dissolved oxygen (DO) in waters." In addition to calculating rates of…

Poultry farming is increasingly becoming an economic force to reckon with. Though a lucrative business, it requires expertise and patience. Farming of broilers is especially tasking due to the high…

People have used paper recycling techniques since ancient times. However, recent environmental concerns, as well as the advances in industrial technology, have increased paper recycling around the…

The amount of dissolved oxygen in water is an indicator of the health of a water system, like a lake or river. Higher levels of dissolved oxygen mean there is high productivity in the water system and…

The gas form of oxygen dissolves in water and can reach a maximum level called the oxygen saturation point. Temperature, salinity and pressure determine oxygen saturation point. Low dissolved…

Oxygen can be obtained from water by using a process called electrolysis, wherein an electric voltage applied to the water splits water molecules into molecules of oxygen and hydrogen, according to…

Oxygen is an important component in water, as its levels indicate the quality of the water. According to the Lenn Tech website, the oxygen levels in various bodies of water can be determined by the…

Everyone knows that plants need water to survive. But the relationship between water and plants is a delicate balance. Too much water and the plant may die, too little and the same result is…

Fish are cold-blooded creatures, and most of them cannot control their internal temperature, like humans. In order to stay at a healthy temperature, or obtain temperature homeostasis, the fish seek…

Chlorine dioxide is a chemical compound that is a mixture of two chemical elements, and has the formula ClO2. It exists in the form of a yellowish-green gas, and at certain temperatures, this gas…

Hemoglobin is a complex molecule, consisting of the globular protein globin and a central atom of iron held in a heterocyclic organic ring (a heme group). Hemoglobin gives red blood cells their…

In the world of music, all metals sound differently when struck. This is the case with cymbals, steel drums, and bells. Over the years, musical researchers have experimented with different metals for…

The circulatory system of arteries, veins and capillaries -- the machinery of body's blood flow system -- is about 60,000 miles long. Veins are located extensively throughout the body.

Most cells in the human body reproduce themselves by undergoing mitosis or meiosis. Blood cells do not reproduce themselves, but are produced in bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen and the thymus gland.

Subsoil, or the B horizon soil layer, consists mostly of inorganic minerals that leach down from the topsoil. Subsoil is between the topsoil and bedrock.

In a chemical reaction, both reactants and the products they form have what are called "heats of formation." Expressed by the symbol ""Hf" (delta HF), heats of formation are an important part of…

A lime-water test is a chemistry test that shows the presence of carbon dioxide.

Burning fuel oil releases dense, thick smoke that is rich in burned and unburned carbon. Besides its carbon content, a large amount of toxic gases are also released into the environment. These…

Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, are the most common type of blood cells. Erythrocytes give the characteristic red color to the blood. Their principle function is to deliver oxygen to the different…

Clostridium acetobutylicum is a rod-shaped bacterium. In contrast to the two species of Clostridium that cause tetanus and botulism, C. acetobutylicum does not harm people in any way. Its fermentation…

Gathering oxygen bubbles from aquatic plants is a standard method for demonstrating the action of photosynthesis. When plants photosynthesize, they take in carbon dioxide gas and water, and they give…

Nitrox is a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen. It is a common mixture used by divers as it prolongs dive times, allowing divers to remain at shallow depths for longer. Nitrox air supplies less nitrogen…

Stable angina, also called exertional angina, is chest discomfort or pain due to stress or exertion. The pain commences suddenly, often without warning, worsening for a few minutes before gradually…

Most people know that plants need water, sunlight, and oxygen in order to thrive. They may wonder, however, whether adding sugar to the water has any effects on the plant at all. After all, humans…

Asphyxiation is a condition in which the cells of the body do not receive a sufficient supply of oxygen, and death results. Hanging and strangulation cause death by asphyxiation because the victim…

Asphyxiation, from the Greek literally meaning "without heartbeat," is the most common cause of death during a property fire, far exceeding deaths from burns. The main reason for this is that people…

An ionizer is a device that sends out a stream of electrons, which react with the oxygen molecules in air or water to form negatively charged ions. These negative ions are attracted to nearby…

Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) is a method of reviving another person's heart and lung function. CPR involves a timed series of "pumps" or chest compressions and "rescue breaths" to stimulate…

Many animals require a circulatory system in order to distribute nutrients and materials throughout the body in an efficient matter. There are two types of circulatory systems: open and closed. Each…

For a very long time, the only real laundry bleach on the market was chlorine bleach, popularized by industry leaders, such as Clorox. Bleach is not only used for stain removal in laundry, but to…

Garden worms form the basis of the ecological system by establishing optimal soil conditions for plants to grow and thrive in. A healthy garden is host to thousands of worms, which function as…

Chlorine dioxide is a yellow-green gas prepared commercially by the oxidation of sodium chlorite. It is used as a disinfectant, an antimicrobial agent---to neutralize harmful bacterial and other…

Ferrous metals like iron and steel can oxidize to form rust. This weakens the metal and can cause failure of the part. To avoid rust and corrosion, a variety of different coatings can be applied to…

Bronze is a metal alloy comprising mostly of copper and usually with tin, but sometimes with other elements such as aluminum or silicon. It is durable and fragile, and it was very important in ancient…

Methane is a colorless, odorless, and highly flammable gas that is used primarily as fuel and to generation electricity. Methane reacts explosively with halogens and oxidizers, including the ozone. It…

Animal life requires a steady supply of water to fulfill its vital functions. From transportation to lubrication to temperature regulation, water keeps animal life functioning; in fact, the bodies of…

Oxygen gas is all around us, and without it, we would not be able to survive. Although oxygen is clear and we cannot see it, there is a way to test for it and prove its existence. Using the principle…

Arc welding uses an electric arc between an electrode and the base metal. It melts the metal at the welding point and may also use a consumable electrode to create the weld. Arc welding machines may…

Green plants are not just important to the human environment, they form the basis for long-term health of environmental systems. Green plants remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and generate…

Metal inert gas (MIG) welding is a semiautomatic welding process in which a wire electrode is fed continuously through a welding gun along with a shielding gas. The specific electrode and shielding…

Weathering refers to the process by which rocks are broken down into smaller and smaller sediments. Weathering can take place because of physical factors, such as an animal that digs a hole into the…

The world's first piece of paper was made from recycled materials. In 200 BC, the Chinese made paper from fishing nets. The recycling process is one that involves changing the physical properties of…

Fish farming is the primary form of raising fish in a tank or a type of enclosure for commercial purposes. The quality of fish produced in these farms is maintained by providing sufficient oxygen,…

Patients who are unable to breath on their own due to upper airway obstruction, profuse secretions or decreased level of consciousness. A tracheostomy tube is inserted through the neck and into the…

Some vehicles use hydrogen gas rather than gasoline in an internal combustion engine. As of 2010, these vehicles are generally available as demonstration models or in a leasing arrangement rather than…

Water is composed of one atom of oxygen and two atoms of hydrogen. You can separate water into hydrogen and oxygen gas by running an electrical current through the water. The energy from the…

Water typically contains a certain amount of oxygen gas dissolved in it. You can measure the concentration of dissolved oxygen in a sample of water with a procedure known as the Winkler method. This…

Derma Wand is a skin-rejuvenating device available to consumers for home use. According to the manufacturer, the Derma Wand softens a person's lines and wrinkles, lifts eyebrows, reduces the size of…

Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is an easily recycled, versatile thermoplastic. LDPE is formed into thin films for use as grocery bags, food wrapping material, power cable sheathing and worktable…

Photosynthesis, the process by which green plants use light energy to make chemical energy, is an example of a biochemical pathway. Biochemical pathways are sequential steps of chemical reactions that…

The use of topical acids to improve the skin's appearance dates back to ancient Egypt, where women bathed in sour milk (lactic acid) to soften sun-dried skin. Today, salicylic and glycolic acids are…

Organolithium is a type of organometallic reagent used in organic chemistry. The four kinds of organolithium compounds are alkyllithiums, aryllithiums, lithium amides and lithium alkoxides.…

Hypertension is the official medical term for high blood pressure. Blood needs pressure to pump its way through the veins and send oxygen to vital organs. When the heart pumps, the pressure goes up,…

Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants, algae and some bacteria use light energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates…

Snails adapt to salt water, fresh water and land habitats, thriving in oceans, lakes, ponds, streams, creeks and rivers. Snail adaptations allow for respiration, movement, digestion and protection…

Grass produces the oxygen we breath through a complex process called photosynthesis. Photosynthesis occurs in every type of plant. The amount of oxygen produced varies depending on how much "green"…

Recycling is the act of taking used materials, like waste paper or glass, to make something new. Positive and negative environmental effects are associated with recycling.

Earthworms contribute to soil health by eating decaying organic matter. As they tunnel through the soil, they create passageways through which water and air can circulate. Although about 2,700 types…

The name "sea cucumber" encompasses a wide variety of sea-floor dwelling animal species that live in most oceans. They belong to the class Holothuroidea (which contains about 1,150 species) and are…

There are three types of blood vessels in the human body: arteries, veins and capillaries. Arteries carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body. Veins return blood to the heart. Capillaries…

Fossil fuels such as gasoline and coal provide a great source of heat and electricity, but they also pollute the planet with greenhouse gases. Hydrogen fuel provides comparable power to fossil fuels…

A hydrogen-oxygen generator can produce both hydrogen and oxygen through the process of electrolysis, which uses electricity to split water (H20) molecules into hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Electrolysis…

The cardiovascular system---also known as the circulatory system---is one of the most vital systems in your body. Despite this, most people's knowledge stops somewhere around "the heart pumps blood to…

Hydrogen and oxygen are both highly reactive gases at standard temperature and pressure, meaning that they must be obtained from some compound. While both of these elements are common, there are only…

Fumigants are the chemicals used in fumigation, a pest control process that involves filling an area with poisonous gas to kill the pests.

A single human life relies heavily on the beating of one particular organ, the heart. On average an individual human heart beats 700,000 times a week and pumps an average of 42,000,000.00 (42…

Air is made up of 80 percent nitrogen and 20 percent oxygen. The boiling points of these elements are different: oxygen's boiling point is minus 297 degrees Fahrenheit and nitrogen's is minus 320…

Rust is called oxidation, because oxygen in the air starts to chemically react with the iron's outer layers. Silver doesn't oxidize, though; it tarnishes, which is the same as saying that it forms a…

It is often said that fire needs three things to burn: heat, fuel and oxygen. Flammable materials such as wood or gasoline have stored energy. When molecules of the flammable material are heated to a…

The content of dissolved oxygen in water is a common measure of the general health of a body of water. A higher oxygen content indicates the water can generally support more life and has less…

When air comes into the lungs, it flows into small structures called the alveoli. Each alveolus is wrapped in a web of capillaries (tiny blood vessels). The alveolar wall separating the air passage…

The lungs are responsible for drawing oxygen into your body and expelling waste carbon dioxide. Once oxygen is in your lungs, it can transfer to your bloodstream and travel throughout the entire body…

For human blood to remain healthy it must remain to some extent on the base side of neutral on the pH scale. Neutral on the pH scale is 7.0, which means the ideal acid-base balance of the body is…

Argon is a noble gas, commonly used in lighting or storage applications. Its symbol is Ar, as shown by the above picture. Argon, in gas form, is not very common in the atmosphere; however, it it one…

Water at its purest level is comprised of molecules that have two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Because there are generally minerals in drinking water, a hydrogen atom can split off from the…

Oxygen is in the air that we breathe, and we need it to survive. It is a gas and a chemical element. It combines with other chemicals to produce the necessary energy needed for life functions.

Although the air we breath is 21 percent oxygen, certain individuals may have additional oxygen requirements. People with various types of lung problems, including emphysema, lung cancer and certain…

Whales, including sperm whales, are mammals. Mammals are vertebrate, warm-blooded creatures. The females of the species give birth to live babies, as opposed to eggs. Mammals also have a covering of…

The beak-like mouth of an octopus is located on the mantel cavity at the back of the bulbous head of the octopus, surrounded by the eight legs. The mouth is the entryway to the mantle cavity which…

Giraffes breathe in oxygen and release carbon dioxide just like humans and other mammals do. When a giraffe breathes oxygen into its body, the air travels down the trachea and into the lungs. The…

Giraffes have powerful lungs capable of moving air through their long necks. Without strong lungs, giraffes would never be able to move air in and out of their bodies. Because of their sheer size and…