Three Types of Radiation Decay
Radiation is the energy that is released from the nuclei of unstable atoms. Radioactive decay is the process by which these unstable atoms emit energy or particles. Over time, some atoms lose enough particles from their nuclei to transform into different elements. Radioactive decay occurs both naturally in the environment and as a byproduct of certain industrial processes. Elements that decay quickly can be dangerous to living things. There are three main types of radioactive decay, classified as alpha, beta and gamma.
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Alpha Decay
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Alpha decay involves the emission of alpha particles. An alpha particle is made of two protons and two neutrons. These particles are powerful, but they don't survive for very long before disintegrating. They are also easily blocked. A sheet of paper is sufficient shielding against alpha particle radiation. Alpha particles are most dangerous when they are ingested. Once inside of an organism, they can do much damage.
Beta Decay
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With beta decay, an atom releases a fast moving electron from its nucleus. This particle has more range than an alpha particle, and is capable of doing more damage. Some beta particles can cause burns on unprotected skin. However, a layer of clothing is enough to stop a beta particle. Like alpha particles, beta particles are most dangerous when they are ingested in contaminated food, water or air.
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Gamma Decay
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Gamma decay is a powerful and dangerous form of radiation. When an atomic nucleus moves from a high-energy state to a low-energy state, it emits gamma rays. Instead of a particle, gamma rays are a form of pure energy. These are similar to X-rays because they can easily pass through the entire human body. Lead or concrete are necessary to block gamma rays.
Dangers
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Radioactive decay is the release of energy. That energy can be harmful to any living tissue. If the genetic material inside the cells is damaged, then cancerous tumors may develop. Genetic damage can even affect future generations. If large amounts of radiation are absorbed quickly, severe illness or death may follow very quickly. Moderate exposure may lead to health effects that don't show up for many years. Everyone receives small amounts of radiation from the environment, but not enough to cause health problems.
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