Survey Measurement Tools
Land surveyors use a variety of tools, from the basic chain measures to high-tech laser levels that can record and measures 360 degrees at the push of a button. While it's not uncommon to find the low-tech devices still in use, they are rapidly being overtaken by more modern technologies. The switch to modern technology is partially due to government mandates, regulations and ordinances, but the newer devices also provide a level of accuracy and precision that isn't possible with the older devices.
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Instruments and Tools
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Many surveyors make a distinction between an instrument and a tool. Becoming a surveyor requires not only a degree, but also an apprenticeship in the business. Apprentices are often the ones that use tools, such as chain measures, plumb-bobs and levels, while experienced surveyors will use the more high-tech instruments. Apprentices, or "chainmen," as they're sometimes called, will also carry a variety of equipment, such as stakes, ropes and land clearing tools, in order to clear the area and get an accurate measurement.
Theodolite
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The theodolite is an instrument that measures both horizontal and vertical angles. It's an important tool for a surveyor and comes in both digital and analogue designs. Digital models can run from $800 all the way up to $4,000 and comes in a variety of accuracies, depending on the distance you need to measure.
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GPS and EDM
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Tape measures and chain measures are used only to calculate short distances. GPS and EDM (electronic distance measuring) equipment is much more accurate over the long distances with which surveying often deals. EDM units are required to be re-calibrated, yearly, and the results filed with the State municipality.
Total Station
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A total station is a combination of the theodolite and an EDM meter. They often incorporate on-board computational capabilities, as well. Built to withstand hard use, total stations must be portable and reliable. Some models come with Bluetooth technology and many can be connected to a USB drive or a laptop, but require special software. They can cost anywhere from $2,000 to $8,000 with the higher end generally being capable of greater accuracy over longer distances.
Tribrach
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Tribrachs are used in conjunction with other instruments, such as the theodolite, total station or GPS/EDM devices. They consist of a bull's eye with a bubble for leveling and optical plummets, which allow a surveyor to line up measures more precisely.
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