Hydrogen

The rapidly increasing demand for energy encourages the production and expansion of hydrogen technology. Hydrogen fuel cells emit only water, unlike fossil fuels, and are efficient energy sources.…

Hydrogen encompasses the most fundamental element in the Universe. Taking the number one spot on the periodic table, it consists of only one proton and one electron -- lacking a neutron altogether.…

If you could travel out to the farthest reaches of the universe, you would find hydrogen. If you could travel into the center of your own body's cell, you would find hydrogen there, too. It is the…

Ethylene, also called ethene, is one of the most useful of all chemical intermediates. It is made of two carbon atoms linked together by a double bond. This bond is very strong, but it also reactive…

When an acid dissociates, or breaks apart, it separates into a negatively charged molecule and a positively charged hydrogen ion. The stronger the acid, the more completely it dissociates and the…

Hydrogen fuel-cell technology prophesies an end to relying on petroleum as the major fuel source for cars. However, the realization of the goal has, so far, been impeded by a lack of a standing…

Hydrogen sulfide, or H2S, is a colorless, flammable, toxic gas found in hot springs, volcanoes, natural gas wells, mines, sewers, paper mills and other manufacturing plants. A few breaths of air…

Two hydrogen atoms chemically bond to one oxygen atom to form a water molecule. Running an electrical current through water causes these chemical bonds to separate, and the water breaks down into…

The complex layers of the Earth's atmosphere provide the planet's only protection from the often deadly effects of radiation from the sun and other cosmic entities such as black holes. From the…

Soda, a favorite beverage among many young children, is available in many varieties, such as regular and diet, and flavors, such as cola, orange and grape. Use the fizzy properties of soda to get your…

Colder is often better when it comes to tight-fitting metal machine parts. Decreasing the temperature causes the metal to contract. The extent to which the cooled metal shrinks is given by a material…

Determining the molar mass of an unknown gas involves a multistep experiment. A scientist first determines the mass of his flask by filling it with dry air and comparing the mass of the full flask…

A redshift is an alteration of a star's spectrum toward the "red" end of the spectrum. That is, there is an increase in the wavelengths of light as they travel toward Earth, so that the star would…

The Earth was first formed about 4.5 billion years ago, and had an atmosphere that was nothing like its present one. The actual makeup of the atmosphere is something of a guess, but there is a…

Like a capstone that finishes off a building project, a capstone educational project tests students' mastery of course material. Students undertake a capstone project to summarize what they have…

Four different types of small organic molecules combine to form larger, more complex molecules. Each of these families has its own roles to play in building bodies, regulating metabolism, providing…

Finding the concentration of a gas in a volume containing two gases requires application of the "ideal gas law," which relates the physical variables of any gas under conditions of low pressure and…

Finding the average wavelength of light or sound is a simple mathematical process. For sound wavelengths, this process is often performed when attempting to soundproof an area against a maximum range…

Hydrogen is the most abundant element and the simplest, each atom having one proton and one electron. It is also one of the most versatile elements, having the ability to combine with almost every…

Detecting anions in salt requires mixing ionic compounds and using your sense of sight and smell. An anion is a negatively charged ion. An ion is an atom with a positive or negative charge. Some…

The measurement of mass is a fundamental procedure performed in many sciences. As the phase of the material changes, so do its physical properties. This change in physical properties necessitates…

Through the ideal gas law, the pressure of a gas can be determined when the density, chemical formula and temperature of the gas are known. The ideal gas law is pressure (P) multiplied by volume (V)…

Gas is a state of matter in which the molecules are at a higher level of excitement, move more quickly, and are more spread apart than in liquids or solids, the other states of matter. In order to…

The formula PV = nRT is known as the ideal gas law, which allows you to determine either the pressure, volume, temperature or number of molecules when you know the other three. R stands for the gas…

Since ancient times, man has wondered about the make-up of the world around him. Early philosophers postulated that matter was composed of various amounts of the "classical elements" -- earth, water,…

Carbon dioxide is a chemical with the atomic formula CO2. It is odorless, colorless and nonflammable. Carbon dioxide exists as a gas at all pressure and temperature combinations found on the surface…

Carbon atoms form the backbone of every organic compound. Hydrogen atoms regularly attach themselves to the carbon skeleton. Such atoms as oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur may also unite with carbon and…

As with all gases, the number of moles of argon in a sample determines its volume. The number of moles of atoms is directly proportional to the amount of space that the gas needs. Two other factors,…

The three elements that make up over 99 percent of organic molecules are carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. These three combine together to form almost all chemical structures needed for life, including…

The amount of energy stored in a gaseous molecule is directly dependent on two factors. First, the heat of formation is the amount of energy required, thermodynamically, to form a compound. Second,…

Liquid hydrogen sulfide maintains many of the same properties it demonstrates in gas form. It is kept at extremely low temperatures due to its low boiling point. In industry, liquid hydrogen sulfide…

Hydrogen is a highly flammable gas found in trace amounts in the Earth's atmosphere. Hydrogen is extremely reactive and exists naturally only as a diatomic molecule. Hydrogen is also a major…

Hydrogen sulfide is an extremely dangerous gas with an distinctive smell. Effects on individuals who have been exposed vary based on the level of exposure and the age and health of the individual, but…

In literature, conflict provides the plot with the drama and momentum to keep readers engaged. There are four main categories of conflict that appear in literature, and these categories have endured…

Reduced phosphorylated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADPH) is an essential coenzyme in anabolic biosynthetic reactions in cells. It also reduces glutathione, thus limiting damage from free…

Hydrogen cyanide is a colorless or pale blue liquid when kept at room temperature. Use caution with hydrogen cyanide, because it is a very toxic and flammable substance. Hydrogen cyanide is also know…

Hydrogen is a simple and abundant element with many uses in the fields of science, technology, industry and even food production. Though pure hydrogen cannot be found in our atmosphere, it can be…

When fluorine unites with hydrogen, the result is hydrogen fluoride, consisting of one hydrogen atom united with one fluorine atom, so that its chemical formula is HF. Fluorine belongs to a group of…

Hydrogen has widespread uses in industry, science, transportation and space. It owes its usefulness to its capabilities as a powerful source of energy. It may be present as a gas or a liquid, and is…

Soda is a popular concoction for use in 7th-grade science projects. Soda can be used in experiments on chemical reactions, dental hygiene and carbonation. Soda is also a safe substance to manipulate,…

Hydrogen is one of the most versatile of elements. It creates the tang in your orange juice and the stomach acid that digests it; the DNA that began your life and the water that sustains it. It is…

Ion exchange is widely used for water treatment in both industrial and municipal water treatment systems. The process provides many advantages over other treatment methods. It is environment friendly,…

Ion exchange resins are polymeric compounds capable of exchanging selective ions within the polymer molecule with other ions in a solution. These resins are primarily used for purifying water. In…

Assessments are an essential part of an effective and comprehensive reading program at any level. There are four main categories of reading assessment that are used at different points in the…

Hydrogen sulfide is often referred to as "sewer gas" because it is often a product of breaking down waste. When it is at a low level it smells like rotten eggs, but at the low level it is not…

Hydrogen chloride (HCl), an odorless gas at room temperature, forms white fumes upon contact with atmospheric humidity and, upon contact with water, forms the better-known chemical threat,…

The process under which water is converted to hydrogen is called "electrolysis." Electrolysis means using electricity to break something apart. In this case, hydrogen is separated from oxygen by…

Middle school students are just learning about chemistry and how to combine different chemicals to get certain reactions. You can teach students how to create hydrogen gas using some basic items from…

The membrane of a cell keeps the contents of a cell within a defined space. You can think of it as a kind of zip-lock bag. Add a few small holes to the bag and you would have something very much like…

A fuel cell consists of a nonreactive bath containing an electrolyte solution, an anode or negative electrode and a cathode or positive electrode. When you feed hydrogen gas to the anode while passing…

Sodas are a near ubiquitous soft drink, found in virtually every grocery store, gas station and vending machine in the U.S. Sodas come in a variety of flavors and colors, and generally vary in the…

When you are teaching the periodic table of elements to children, catching their interest with fun facts will help them retain the lesson. Hydrogen is the first element on the periodic table. It is…

Metal inert gas welding, which is often abbreviated as MIG, is another term for gas metal arc welding or metal active gas welding. During the process of metal inert gas welding, inert gases are used…

Typically used in aerospace engineering or some green vehicles, a hydrogen fuel cell can be constructed at home or in class to illustrate the universal process of electromagnetism and how two vastly…

The technology behind hydrogen HHO fuel cells was discovered close to a century ago. Today, HHO fuel cells have been reengineered to deliver hydrogen and oxygen gas into an existing internal…

Hydrogen is a chemical element that exists as a gas. It is believed that Hydrogen can also be found on the sun and stars as the fuel that is burnt to produce light (see reference 1). Hydrogen is also…

Hydrogen is increasingly being looked into as a viable source of power for internal combustion engines. Research on hydrogen technology is currently in the starting phases. Technological hurdles have…

Cobalt is a chemical element used to prepare high-strength alloys, smalt (cobalt glass) and gamma rays. In nature, cobalt only occurs as part of a compound, but when manufacturing materials that…

A hydrogen generator uses electric currents to create hydrogen from water using electrolysis. Electrolysis uses the electricity to dissociate the water molecule H2O into hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrogen…

You cannot simply inject hydrogen into a conventional car motor. A hydrogen-powered car carries a very high-pressure hydrogen tank, although hydrogen generation alone is still very inefficient and…

A 5P welding rod is also known as an E6010 rod. It consists of an all-purpose filler metal designed for use with direct current (DC) and suitable for welding pipes.

Open flame combustion is the result of a chemical reaction that produces heat and sometimes light, when fuel, oxygen and heat are brought together in the right proportions. Combustion will only start,…

Hydrogen gas is the lightest and most common chemical element in the universe. Although hydrogen is prevalent, it is not available in its elementary form on earth except in its plasma state. Hydrogen…

Hydrogen is an important chemical element used in many facets of industrial and applied chemical business. The most commonly occurring phase of hydrogen, due to its exceptionally low boiling point, is…

Hydrogen is the simplest element and, unlike oil, one of the most abundant sources of potential energy. The sun and the oceans are largely made up of hydrogen that can be harnessed and used as energy.…

There are several differences between 5356 and 1100 welding wire, which are both employed in the MIG welding method. Both 5356 and 1100 welding wire are available in many of the same sizes, but are…

An electrolyzer uses a process called electrolysis, wherein an electric current flowing through water or a chemical solution breaks apart molecules into their component parts. The chemical processes…

Hydrogen is an element commonly known as part of the make-up of water, as in H2O. Hydrogen by itself in a gas form is a highly flammable and light material. The gas will cause a balloon to float…

Hydrogen is one of the best carriers of high energy. It is an environmentally friendly source of energy as it does not contain any form of carbon and thus does not release any emissions. One of the…

Hydrogen sulfide, as the name suggests, is a gas containing both hydrogen and sulphur. Although it is a toxic and flammable gas, hydrogen sulfide has a variety of practical uses. Hydrogen sulfide was…

Hydrogen gas is generated by various chemical processes for industrial purposes, and, increasingly, for use in clean energy applications. The generation of hydrogen gas by any chemical process…

Both hydrogen and oxygen are elements that have a wide variety of uses. These range from our day-to-day living, as with oxygen, to weather balloons, as with hydrogen, to the high-tech, high-energy…

Hydrogen occurs in three different forms called isotopes: protium (ordinary hydrogen), deuterium and tritium. These isotopes differ in the weight of their atoms. A deuterium atom weighs approximately…

Calcium citrate, a calcium salt of citric acid, is a substance that naturally occurs in food. It is used as a preservative and flavoring, in water softener, and in medicine (for such things as calcium…

Hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant element in the universe. According to astrophysicist David Palmer, hydrogen comprises about 75 percent of the universe's elemental mass. Hydrogen combines…

H2O is one of the most recognizable molecules in chemistry. In fact H2O is the chemical formula of water. Knowing when the H2O bond is broken is not easy for the untrained eye nor is it all that easy…

Water is made of hydrogen and oxygen molecules and can be separated into these elements using electricity in a process known as electrolysis. Electrolysis of water can be done with either a constant…

Such scientists as Paracelsus and Robert Boyle intermittently produced hydrogen without understanding what it was. In the 18th century, Henry Cavendish thoroughly investigated its properties. He came…

Fuel cells convert different fuels directly into electricity. They use fuels such as methane, alcohol, gasoline or hydrogen. The cleanest source of electricity from these fuels is hydrogen because the…

Hydrogen carbonate, also known as bicarbonate, is a chemical compound that consists of three elements: hydrogen, carbon and oxygen. The chemical symbol is HCO3, which indicates one part hydrogen, one…

Recent years have seen a resurgence of interest in hydrogen as a fuel and hydrogen-based technology, leaving many people wondering where hydrogen comes from. Hydrogen can be extracted from two main…

Hydrogen is one of the most abundant and widespread elements on earth. However, due to its high reactivity, it exists nearly always in combination with other elements and not in its free form.…

Hydrogen used in industry is typically produced from methane (better known as natural gas). However, it also can be produced by splitting water through a process called electrolysis. The amount of…

Hydrogen sulfide, chemically written H2S, is a toxic gas that occurs naturally in petroleum, volcanic gases and hot springs. However, it can also be produced by human and animal wastes. Exposure to…

Acids and bases are found throughout nature, including the human body. Acids and bases are opposite in their characteristics, though there are times when it is difficult to tell the difference between…

Electrolysis occurs when a direct current (DC) is passed through an ionic material dissolved in a solution. Water can be broken apart into constituent hydrogen and oxygen molecules by electrolysis.…

Welding rods, or welding electrodes, remain key components in welding. Electricity is run through a welding rod, creating an arc of live electricity at its tip and allowing for welding to take place.…

Welding is a method of joining metals together without fittings. TIG welding refers to gas tungsten arc welding, while MIG welding refers to gas metal arc welding. There remain differences between…

Oceans and seas contain vast amounts of hydrogen. Catalytic chemistry is central to efficient hydrogen production. Seawater electrolysis uses specially coated electrodes. This coating protects against…

A simple way to make hydrogen is by using electrolysis to separate the hydrogen and oxygen atoms within water and convert them to gases. The chemical name for water is H2O, meaning there are two…

Supernovas are stellar explosions that result from dying stars with masses approximately nine times that of the sun. Supernovas can also result from interactions between stars and white dwarfs, or…

Hydrogen is an odorless, colorless gas that can be used as an alternative source of energy. It is abundantly available on earth and can be derived from wind, sunlight, water, conventional sources of…

Calcium carbide (chemical formula CaC2) is a grayish-white crystalline solid that is used commercially in the production of calcium cyanamide, the fertilizer acetylene, hydrogen and graphite. It is…

Hydrogen chloride is a compound that is a gas at room temperature that gives off fumes of hydrochloric acid when it comes into contact with atmospheric humidity. Confusingly, both hydrochloric acid…

The four major categories of organic molecules are lipids, nucleic acids, proteins and carbohydrates. The term "organic" refers to the fact that these molecules are present in or made by living…

Making hydrogen in a small quantity can be a fun experience as a science project or other project. Creating a hydrogen generator can be done using a small battery, some wire, water and a glass. When…

Hydrogen bonding is important in many chemical processes. Hydrogen bonding is responsible for water's unique solvent capabilities. Hydrogen bonds hold complementary strands of DNA together, and they…

Hydrogen is the first element on the periodic table as it is the simplest. A hydrogen atom has only one proton and one electron. Hydrogen gas is the major component in our sun. As the hydrogen atoms…

The atmosphere of Earth contains essential elements that sustain life. For example, the atmosphere includes oxygen, which people need to breathe and which is necessary for cellular respiration. Plants…

Hydrogen chloride (hydrochloric acid, HCl) is a strong electrolyte and dissolves almost completely in water. When it dissolves, it donates a proton (H+) to water, increasing acidity and lowering pH.…

There are three states of matter: solid, liquid and gas. Theoretically you can convert any substance between the three states by changing the temperature or the pressure. If you are going to put…

Hydrogen gas has the chemical formula H2 and the molecular weight of 2. This gas is the lightest substance among all chemical compounds and the most abundant element in the universe. Hydrogen gas has…

Hydrogen chloride is a chemical compound and a colorless gas. When it comes into contact with atmospheric humidity, it turns into hydrochloric acid. Both hydrogen chloride gas and hydrochloric acid…

As the first element on the periodic table, hydrogen is lightest of the chemical elements and has the simplest atomic structure: a single electron orbiting a nucleus with a single proton. It is an…

Water electrolysis is the process of separating water molecules into their component hydrogen and oxygen atoms. An electrical current is passed through the water and separates the hydrogen and oxygen…

According to the Energy Information Administration, 9 million metric tons of hydrogen are produced within the United States on an annual basis. Hydrogen can be used to power homes as well as…

Hydrogen is an energy carrier that stores and distributes energy into usable forms. It is not the primary energy source. However, the variety of resources used to assist in the production of…

Hydrogen is a gas under standard temperature and pressure. The Earth's atmosphere contains very little hydrogen so it's typically obtained by liberating it from a compound that contains hydrogen. One…

Water (H2O) contains two atoms of hydrogen and an atom of oxygen. You can obtain hydrogen from water by subjecting the water to an electrical current. The electricity supplies the energy needed to…

Hydrogen is the lightest and most volatile of all the basic elements. As such, it is very common but yet very rarely found isolated. It quickly combines with many elements, but especially with oxygen.…

In 1820 the great scientist Michael Faraday demonstrated that hydrogen could be produced by passing an electric current through water. This process of electrolysis causes the water molecules to split…

Water and liquid acetone weights encompass molecular mass and density in relation to temperature. Water's increase in density, up to a certain point, is addressed. Practical considerations must take…

A weather balloon is a floating weather instrument, normally made out of latex and equipped with different sensors and instruments. It is filled with a gas lighter than air to elevate it into the…

Hydrogen is a gas under normal conditions so you normally obtain it by liberating it from a compound. Water (H2O) is a compound composed of hydrogen and oxygen. You can split the bonds between the…

Partially hydrogenated oils are the result of hydrogen atoms being added to fats. This process is call hydrogenation, and it has a dramatic impact on the physical properties of fats.

The process of adding hydrogen atoms to a fat molecule is known as hydrogenation. Partially hydrogenated oils have more hydrogen atoms than they did originally, but they don't contain the maximum…

Cesium is a chemical element (symbol Cs) discovered in German mineral water in 1861. Since its discovery, a wide variety of uses have been found for it and its isotopes including in atomic clocks,…

Hydrogen exists naturally in a gaseous form. Gases change temperature and pressure by the application and removal of both heat and pressure. According to Astronautix, hydrogen liquefies at 20.24 K,…

Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the world, and in the whole universe for that matter. It is the lightest of all the elements. In fact, hydrogen is almost 14 times lighter than the air people…

"Green-fuel" engines are currently in vogue, and a number of hydrogen conversion kits are available for sale both on the web, and at various automotive parts chains. Although these kits are somewhat…

Hydrogen is an element and the most abundant one in the universe. It is listed in the Periodic Table of Elements, represented as the symbol H. Hydrogen has been used in everything from the potential…

Pure ammonia is sometimes referred to as anhydrous ammonia to distinguish it from aqueous solutions of ammonia. For example, household ammonia is actually a solution of at least 90 percent water and…

Hydrogen is an element, the lightest, most abundant in the universe. All living organisms have hydrogen as a component, as do all organic compounds.

Mineral oil is a transparent, colorless, oily liquid obtained by the distillation of petroleum (or crude oil). It is produced in large amounts and is relatively inexpensive. There are several types of…

Hydrogen is the third most common element on Earth but it's relatively rare in pure form. Pure hydrogen is a gas under natural conditions on Earth and hydrogen atoms are too small to be held by…

Because each atom of hydrogen contains just one proton and one electron, hydrogen is the simplest of all the chemical elements. Hydrogen is the most abundant gas in the entire universe, making up…

Hydrogen is the third most abundant element on Earth but is rare in pure form. Hydrogen is normally a gas and leaks in space because Earth's gravity is insufficient to hold on to the extremely light…

Hydrogen is an atom. Atoms are the smallest piece of matter, or anything that takes up space. Atoms are made up of smaller pieces called protons, neutrons and electrons. Atoms are sometimes called…

Hydrogen is the most common element in the universe and is a gas under standard conditions. However, there is very little hydrogen gas in the atmosphere, as the Earth's gravity is insufficient to hold…

Hydrogen sulfide is a gas that produces the characteristic smell of rotten eggs. It is also a component of natural gas and this is the primary source for commercial quantities of hydrogen sulfide.…

Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe and the third most abundant element on Earth. However, pure hydrogen is normally found on Earth only in very small amounts. It's a gas under…

Hydrogen is a gas at standard temperature and pressure and is the most common element in the universe. However, free hydrogen is extremely rare on Earth because it evaporates so easily in space.…

Carbamide peroxide is also known as percarbamide, urea peroxide and urea hydrogen peroxide. It's a combination of urea (CH4N2O) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) that forms a single reaction product known…

Hydrogen is the simplest and most common atom in the universe, consisting of one proton and one electron. This electron emits a photon with a specific wavelength when it transitions to a lower energy…

The process of decomposing water into its component atoms of hydrogen and oxygen in response to an electrical current is called electrolysis. This process will liberate twice as much hydrogen as…

Methane (CH4) is a colorless, odorless gas at standard pressure and is the primary component of natural gas. It's an attractive fuel source because it burns cleanly and is relatively abundant. Methane…

Hydrogen is lighter than oxygen, so it rises. It used to be used to lift blimps off the ground, but after the Hindenburg crashed and burned, it was replaced by helium, which, unlike hydrogen, is…

A Balmer series provides the wavelengths of the spectral line emissions of the hydrogen atom. A spectral line emission occurs when the photons of a particular wavelength are emitted at a significantly…

You can readily build a simple hydrogen electrolyzer with materials available from the local hardware store. However, gas purification, storage and use of the produced hydrogen are not simple and…

NAD(+) is a cofactor used by a number of enzymes during reactions, but that isn't its sole purpose. It is a critical transport molecule that when activated to NADH form can be used to drive the…

Hydrogen is the most plentiful gas in the cosmos, and the stars are mostly composed of hydrogen. Hydrogen reactions in our own sun fuel the cycles of nature and help support all life. Hydrogen power…

Hydrogen, the lightest gas we know of, has potential as a fuel. Scientists are particularly interested in developing systems that can run on hydrogen because the byproduct of the…

Hydrogen gas can be used as an alternative fuel source. The byproduct of the hydrogen fuel cell process is plain water, which is much more eco-friendly than petroleum byproducts. Although some…

Hydrogen generators are devices that keep oxygen away from hydrogen in water. They are commonly used for cars and trucks. This is because they can help increase a vehicle's gasoline mileage, make the…

Chemistry is the best way to describe how hydrogen power is made. You see evidence of how it works every day. A car engine is a good example of how people can convert chemicals to energy, a regular…

It is important to know that a pH buffer is a substance that resists a change in pH when small amounts of an acid or a base are added to it. In other words, it can make an acid less acidic and a base…

Hydrogen fuel cells may replace gasoline as a fuel in the near future. Using hydrogen will also break the dependence on costly and dirty fossil fuels. While hydrogen-powered cars may have many…

You may have heard about hydrogen fuel cells that could be possibly used in cars. Hydrogen is the lightest element that exists. Scientists are studying it to try to use it as a source of power…

There are several types of hydrocarbon fossil fuels that hydrogen is chemically extracted from, including coal. Coal is distilled, creating coal gas, a mixture of methane and hydrogen. Some metals…

Airships, or blimps as they are commonly called, have been around since the 1930. While German Zeppelins proved to be combustible tragedies waiting to happen, the modern-day airship is a thing of…

Nylon is a synthetically-produced fabric. It was first developed as a substitute for imported silk. Women's stockings were the first commercial use of nylon. Because it has strong fibers that are also…

Hydrogen is universe's most common element, but it is not found on Earth in elemental form. It is so light that the Earth's gravity cannot hold it in its atmosphere. Hydrogen is also reactive, so it…