How to Play Three Player Game Theory

Game theory can explain the actions of individuals and of groups.

Game theory is a form of mathematics that is used to explain the actions and behaviour of individuals or groups. Because of its link with the decision-making process, game theory is most regularly used in social science settings to explain why a decision was made or to predict how groups will act. Acting out a game theory scenario is an exercise that can teach students about the nature of game theory as well as important areas of International Relations, where some of the most interesting applications of game theory lie.

Instructions

1. Choose an historical event with which to explain game theory. For a three-player game, this will need to be an historical event with three major players. One example is the end of the Indochinese war, in which the Western Alliance, the Communist Alliance and the Vietnamese all negotiated a peace settlement. Choose an event with which the students aren't familiar, as this will prevent them from making simplistic decisions.

2. Give each of the three people a role. For example, each person can represent one country. Speak to each person individually, outside of the earshot of the other two, and explain to him the background of his situation. Encourage the students to read up on events prior to the negotiations, but not what happened at the peace table. The more they know about the situation, the more authentic their actions.

3. Bring the three players to the 'negotiating table.' Explain to them their options. In the case of the end of the Indochinese war, the three options are to maintain the status quo and to continue the war, partition Vietnam into two and hold a general election in Vietnam that will most likely be won by the Communists. Naturally each group will favor different options.

4. Keep a transcript of the negotiations. Do not let the players have any access to historical resources from this point on, as they must act authentically. Write down or record all that is said to help you later.

5. Allow the players to have time to negotiate. Every 15 minutes or so, send one of the players out of the room to allow two to negotiate privately. When the three players have agreed on a compromise, or it is clear that this won't happen, end the game. Explain the actual historical outcome, and if different, explain where the actual parties diverged.

6. Review the events using game theory language. All of the players will be able to engage with game theory now, having a concrete example from which to draw. The players will enjoy the role-playing nature of the game, and will be enthused for both game theory and International Relations.

References

• Frank C. Zagare: Game theory - concepts and applications