Unix Kernel Tutorial
If you are first beginning to use a Unix operating system, as opposed to a Windows-based OS, then you may be find the difference daunting. In computing, a "kernel" is the main basis for the operating system. In Unix, the kernel is the command-based Terminal that performs the fundamental tasks. Unlike Windows, where the Windows Shell is the primary component of the operating system, Unix relies on both the kernel and the shell. While the kernel has a relatively steep learning curve, you can master the basics very quickly.
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Instructions
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Launch your kernel. The method will differ depending on the Unix system you have. This is generally called a "Terminal" across all Unix and Unix-like systems. Consult your operating system's documentation if in doubt. The terminal is a window that allows you to enter only text commands.
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Type "ls" (without quotes) and press "Enter." The "ls" command lists all contents of the current directory. The "ls" command will leave out files that begin with a "." This is because, in the Unix kernel, a "." indicates a hidden file. To list all files, including the hidden ones, type "ls -a" and press "Enter." In the Unix kernel, commands are often followed by an extra parameter --- in this case, the extra "-a."
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Type "mkdir newfolder" to create a new folder entitled "newfolder." Use "ls" again to show you the new folder.
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Change directories using the "cd" command. Type "cd foldername", replacing "foldername" with the name of a folder of your choice. Press "Enter." Type "ls" and you will see all files in this new directory. To move backward through directories, use a double period. Type "cd .." and press "Enter."
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Find out a pathname by using the "pwd" command. In the Unix kernel, your computer's folders and files are organized as a "path." It may begin as something such as "/home/usr/folder" or in a Mac (a Unix-based system), "/users/username/folder." Knowing the full path is essential when you use the Unix kernel. You now know the basics of using and navigating with the Unix kernel.
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