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Step 1
Evaluate caliber options. The most popular caliber for deer hunting is .30-06. But .30-06, while certainly sufficient for almost all deer hunting conditions, is not optimal for the longest range shots. A lighter caliber with a flatter trajectory might be better suited for Montana hunts, depending on the particular terrain. Look at .30-06, .270, .264 and 7 millimeter calibers.
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Step 2
Choose a barrel length. A shorter barrel, from 20 to 22 inches, is more handy for quick shots in heavily wooded areas, but on open range, maneuverability is less of a factor. In most areas of Montana, you can get by with a less mobile, longer barrel that offers higher muzzle velocity. Barrels in the neighborhood of 26 inches should work well.
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Step 3
Select your scope. Since you are likely to have shots in the range of 200 to 300 yards, be sure your scope has magnification at least up to 9X or 10X. A variable magnification scope is also handy, especially if you are planning to stalk up to closer ranges. If you anticipate shots in excess of 300 yards, you may want to consider a scope with magnifications up to 12X or higher, but such shots tend to be rare.
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Step 4
Choose an action. A bolt action is the most accurate and usually the best choice for deer hunting. Semiautomatic and lever action can repeat more quickly, but compromise your accuracy.
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Step 5
Shoot several guns and find the one which you are most comfortable with. Strategizing is useless if you don't feel confident with your weapon. Be sure you can shoot it accurately on a consistent basis.
