How to Prepare for a Hike Using a Topographical Map

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By Paul McDaniel
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Example of a USGS Topographic Map

Hiking is an exciting activity that allows people of all ages the chance to enjoy the wonders of the great outdoors. Being adequately prepared for a hike is an important safety measure that all hikers should take, and topographic maps are a useful tool to help prepare for a hike. A topographic map (also commonly called a topo map) represents relief, topography, terrain and elevation using contour lines, and also shows both natural and man-made features. As such, this type of map will help you plan your hike and know what type of topography and landmarks your hike will pass over and near. So, read on to find out how you can use a topographic map to plan your next hiking adventure. Being prepared for all aspects of a hike will help you and others have a safe and fun hiking experience.

Difficulty: Easy

Instructions

Things You'll Need:

plan to hike
topographic map of hike area

Step 1

First of all, decide where you would like to go hiking and then obtain a topographic map of the area where you plan to hike.
Step 2

When viewing a topographic map, there are several conventions to keep in mind:
-The rule of V's: sharp-pointed vees (v-shaped lines) usually are in stream valleys, with the drainage channel passing through the point of the vee, and with the vee pointing upstream. This is a consequence of erosion.
-The rule of O's: closed loops are normally uphill on the inside and downhill on the outside, and the innermost loop is the highest area. If a loop instead represents a depression, some maps note this by short lines radiating from the inside of the loop, called "hachures".
-Spacing of contours: close contours indicate a steep slope; distant contours a shallow slope. Two or more contour lines merging indicates a cliff.
Step 3

The distance between each contour line is typically indicated somewhere on the map and is consistently preserved across the map. It is important to note the distance between contour lines so that you can get an idea about the flatness or steepness between lines and can better form a mental image of the topography.
Step 4

Look at the specific map of the particular area where you plan to hike. Find on the map and follow the route of the trail you plan to hike. Note any elevation changes (using the contour lines) either upwards or downwards that you will encounter so that you can be prepared for sections of the trail that may be either easier or more strenuous. Also note any streams, bodies of water, roads, structures, or any other items your hike may pass over or near. These will help you know of any obstacles along the route but can also serve as landmarks in case you get lost.
Step 5

Finally, remember to bring the map with you when you embark on your hiking adventure. You will most likely refer to it throughout the hike.