How to Apply the Symmetry Principle in Sociology

The Symmetry Principle calls for equal treatment of all data, regardless of whether it fits the original theory.

When conducting research studies in sociology, researchers must treat all data the same way, regardless of whether it supports the main theory. This is a common approach known as The Symmetry Principle, which increases the study's validity and eliminates researcher bias. As sociologist Max Weber said, "...whenever the man of science introduces his personal value judgment, a full understanding of the facts ceases..." Inconvenient facts --- those that don't fit the original hypothesis or theory -- often surface during a research project. Instead of weakening the study, these findings can potentially strengthen your study by presenting all sides of the phenomenon.

Instructions

1. Assume an unbiased, balanced view of the phenomenon you're studying. The absence of preconceived ideas leads to a stronger study.

2. Define the terms and measures you'll use. These operational definitions clarify what the terms in the study mean, and how you will measure the responses for later evaluation.

3. Ensure validity. In sociological research, validity refers to getting results that accurately reflect the concept being measured. To increase the study's validity, social researchers use several types of data. Sociologist, Earl Babbie wrote, "The best solution is to use several different measures, tapping the different aspects of a concept."

4. Employ Grounded Theory. Grounded theory is an attempt to generate a theory as the study progresses, constantly comparing new data. To use grounded theory, think comparatively, obtain multiple viewpoints and maintain an attitude of skepticism.

Tips & Warnings

• Periodically take a step back. Stop and take a look at how your study has progressed. Advantages include finding flaws in your original thinking and sending the study into a different direction for a more in-depth view of the phenomenon.

• Sociologists concern themselves with finding enough samples to represent the population to be studied.

• Avoid pre-conceived notions. Don't anticipate what your data will reveal. This will help maintain a high level of validity in your study.

References

• The Practice of Social Research; Earl Babbie; 2007, 2010
• "Max Weber: Essays in Sociology;" Max Weber; 1946,1958
• Forum: Qualitative Social Research; "The Principle of Symmetry from the Respondents' Perspective;" Zdenek Konopásek and Jan Palecek; 2011