How Are Microprocessors Manufactured?
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Basics
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A microprocessor is the main control center in a computer. It combines all of the functions of a standard CPU (central processing unit) onto one IC (integrated circuit). They are commonly used and are inside of the computer you are using to read this article. A microprocessor is designed to control several functions on a computer at once and does not just one specific function.
How Microprocessors Are Manufactured: Part 1
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The first step in the making of a microprocessor is the growing of the silicon necessary for its manufacture. This is done in a special container called an ingot. An ingot is a metal cast in the shape of a cylinder that the silicon is placed into. The ingot is then cut into small wafers that are only one millimeter thick.
The wafer is exposed to extremely high temperatures and gas pressure. This causes a thin layer of silicon dioxide to grow on the wafer. After this occurs, a thin layer of photo-resistant material is placed on the wafer.
Next, a stencil-like mask that contains the circuit being pressed is applied to the wafer. The wafer is then exposed to ultraviolet light, which causes the layers of the wafer not covered in a mask to turn to a jelly-like consistency. The jellied layer is then washed away, leaving only the silicon dioxide. The exposed silicon dioxide is etched and then washed with chemicals. A second layer of silicon dioxide is then grown on the wafer to act like insulation between circuit layers.
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How Microprocessors Are Manufactured: Part 2
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Next, a layer of polysilicon is added to the base of the wafer. Then another photo-resistant layer is applied and then masked. The process from above is repeated, and this photo-resistant layer is washed away with chemicals. As layers are added to the wafer, pathways are created that connect each layer together. Then the chip is covered with chemical ions that alter the circuits on the wafer to create transistors. Copper is then filled into the open space between the pathways on the wafer. Then the wafer is cut into sections with a precision saw. Finally, the wafer is covered in the manufacturer cover and is ready to be sold.
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