Artificial Insemination Procedure in Dogs
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Semen Collection
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Breeders use female dogs in heat to stimulate the stud dog in order to collect the necessary semen sample. When the stud tries to mount the female dog, his penis is redirected by the breeder into an artificial vagina. This mechanism stimulates the stud to ejaculation. His semen is collected.
Bitches in heat secrete a vaginal pheromone (chemical that stimulates sexual excitement). Stud dogs can smell the bitch's pheromone from a long distance and determine where she is in her heat cycle.
After the semen has been collected, it will be evaluated for sufficient amounts of mobile, anatomically normal sperm. If the stud is infertile, his sperm will be abnormal (they cannot travel all the way down the oviducts of the bitch or they are unable to penetrate the ovum).
Heat Cycle of a Bitch
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When a female dog begins her heat cycle, her vagina will swell and she will bleed for seven to nine days (preparatory estrus stage). After her bleeding has stopped, she will be more sexually receptive to the stud and will allow him to mount her sexually. This is the estrus stage, which lasts three to seven days. This is the only part of her heat stage during which she can become pregnant. After the seventh day of estrus, she will enter "metestrus," is not fertile any more and will not accept a stud's sexual advances.
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Insemination
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Once the semen sample has been determined to be adequate to inseminate the female dog, it will be immediately inserted into the dog using a long glass or plastic tube. The sample has to reach her cervix in order to have a better chance of successful insemination. If the dog is a large breed, the cervix may be located several inches inside.
Some dogs are considered to be "problem breeders," where artificial insemination is the only way possible to impregnate the female dog. Some dogs, even when they are in the correct stage of heat, are not interested in mating. Some studs may just lack the mating desire even when the bitch is in the correct heat stage and is emitting the pheromone which normally stimulates the stud dog's sexual interest.
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