How Does an EPIRB Work?
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Activation
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The Emergency Positioning Radio Beacon (EPIRB) is a battery-powered, small emergency location device used aboard boats and ships. These devices help rescuers locate vessels, especially in cases where the onboard marine radio has been damaged. EPIRBs activate by one of two ways. . There is a manual switch on the EPIRB to allow someone aboard ship to trigger the signal. There is also an automatic switch that activates the unit when it's immersed in water. Every EPIRB is identified by a serial number. In addition, newer models contain a GPS receiver. Every ship and boat owner should register their serial number with the U.S. Coast Guard or their navigation authority for identification purposes. An EPIRB is designed to float free when a vessel sinks. A special value called a hydrostatic release valve activates from water pressure exhibited when the unit is immersed completely in water. This special valve helps prevent inaccurate deployment during heavy rain or bad weather conditions.
Transmission
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EPIRBs transmit on multiple frequencies, because they carry two actual transmitters inside the unit. A 5-watt radio transmitter operates at 406 MHz and a second 0.25-watt radio transmitter operates at 121.5 MHz. A GPS receiver is also located within newer model unit. The EPIRB transmits the serial number of the unit and the exact location of the vessel that is in distress. This signal is grabbed by a GOES satellite located more than 24,000 miles up in space. The GOES satellite picks up the 406 MHz frequency transmission. EPIRBs transmit the signal continuously for 48 hours. Satellite location plays a role in detecting an EPIRB signal, so the unit should be left on until the satellite travels through the area.
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Identification
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Identifying the location of the originating signal, and in some cases, the GPS position, helps the Coast Guard locate any vessel in distress as well as any possible individuals requiring rescue from the water. The GOES satellite grabs the signal from the EPIRB and establishes an exact position for the sinking vessel. A properly registered EPIRB allows the U.S. Coast Guard to quickly establish the identity of the vessel in distress as well as the original owner of the vessel. EPIRB use and subsequent notification through proper deployment allows a quick response for rescuing agencies.
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