How Do Moisturizers Work?
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Claims
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Many moisturizers make additional claims (beyond moisturizing), to improve the skin's imperfections, reduce wrinkles, or tighten and tone the skin. Though moisturizers are helpful and may provide many benefits, some claims have very little validity. Cosmetic skin products are more loosely monitored by the Food and Drug Administration, so effectiveness is not necessarily proven. Most moisturizers do, however, help the skin retain moisture by trapping water in the outer layer of the skin.
Oil-Based/ Water-Based
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Oil-based products may be more effective for moisturizing because they are not as easily removed as water-based products. They lubricate skin, fill in spaces between the skin's cells, replace lipids and help to soften rough areas of the skin. Water-based products are less greasy, may be applied and absorbed more easily, but may not provide the same level of protection because they are lighter. Choose oil based products for severely dry skin on the body and look for ingredients such as petrolatum, alpha hydroxy acids or lactic acid.
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Preservatives
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Products containing oil and water need a preservative added to keep bacteria and contamination from occurring after the product has been opened. Though preservatives are necessary, they may also cause irritation in individuals with very sensitive skin. Fragrances may also be added to enhance moisturizing products with a pleasant smell. Individuals with sensitive skin should use caution with heavily scented products, as they may cause skin rashes and contact allergies. The best products are those with no fragrances or dyes, as these additives do not contribute to the effectiveness of the product. Irritation can also result from using oil-based products on the face. These products may cause breakouts and clog pores. Always use a non-comedogenic moisturizer on the face and reserve oil based products for hands, heels, elbows and legs, as these areas typically need a stronger formula to protect and retain moisture (see Resources).
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