How Does an Ulcer Start?
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What is an Ulcer?
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An ulcer is a general term that describes a sore or abnormal skin opening. Fairly circular, it's the result of wearing down of tissue, ranging in depth from shallow to deep that is typically inflamed. Ulcers can develop inside the mouth or cheek, as well as the eyes and on the colon (ulcerative colitis). However, ulcers growing in the stomach and upper portion of the small intestines (peptic and duodenal ulcers) can usually cause pain ranging from mild to severe.
The Role of Mucosa
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The stomach and upper small intestines, as well as all other body parts exposed to the environment, except for the skin, have a protective lining of tissue, known as mucosa. The mucosal tissue is made up of epithelial cells which secrete mucous, a sticky protective substance that helps prevent harmful agents from attacking body parts. The cells lining the stomach battle harsh internal conditions such as acid and enzymes which chew up protein. Cells called parietal cells secrete muriatic acid which helps digest food. When the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract begins to erode the soft tissues start to break down, making it possible for an ulcer to develop.
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The Stress Theory
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Doctors used to believe factors such as stress, alcohol and spicy foods were the causes of most stomach ulcers. The theory was based on the belief that mucous secretions stopped flowing during emotional times of fear, anger or stress when the brain signaled the stomach to close off blood flow. However, Australian doctor Barry Marshall doubted the stress argument, conducted mucosal stomach biopsies from patients with gastritis. Marshall uncovered an unknown bacterium called helicobacter pylori which he cultured from the biopsies.
Bacteria Causes
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Since Marshall's discovery, contemporary doctors contend that most ulcers develop because of the helicobacter pylori bacterium which causes inflammation of the stomach and upper portion of the small intestine. The bacteria is usually acquired by eating contaminated food and water or through contracting it from another person. Although about ninety percent of the world population is infected with this particular bacteria, most people don't develop ulcers. Those that do probably have weakness in their stomach linings or secrete more stomach acid than most people, regardless of their stress levels or the types of foods eaten.
When Bacteria Combines with Acid
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Whenever bacteria weakens the protective linings of the stomach and upper small intestines, stomach acid can escape, invading the sensitive tissue linings of the digestive system. It's when acid and bacteria meet that the protective coating of the intestinal tract is attacked. This results in irritation of the lining, which leads to an ulcer.
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