- The beak-like mouth of an octopus is located on the mantel cavity at the back of the bulbous head of the octopus, surrounded by the eight legs. The mouth is the entryway to the mantle cavity which has gills inside of it. The octopus uses these gills to breathe. Water is brought into the octopus mouth and is then passed through the gills back into the body of water. As the water is pushed over the surface of the gills, oxygen is picked up by the blood in the capillaries of the gills.
- The gills are made up of many feathery filaments. These filaments allow for a larger surface area across which the oxygenated water passes over. This large surface area allows the octopus to pick up more oxygen per breath.
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The oxygen is picked up in the capillaries by the process of a counter current exchange. Oxygen will be picked up in the capillaries as long as the level of oxygen is lower in the blood than it is in the water. When counter current exchange is used, the oxygen level will always be lower in the blood than in the water, allowing for continuous exchange of oxygen between the water and blood. This means that blood travels in an opposite direction in the gills than the direction that the water is traveling. This allows for maximum oxygen exchange per breath.
Due to the muscular system of the octopus that contracts the mantle cavity, forcing oxygenated water across the filaments of the gills, the octopus is able to attain the 11 percent oxygen saturation level in its blood that it requires. Most fish and mollusks attain an average of 3 percent oxygen saturation. - Two of the three hearts of an octopus pump blood through the gills. The oxygenated blood that leaves the gills returns to the third heart to be pumped back through the rest of the body. The oxygen is carried in the protein hemocyanin instead of the red blood cells commonly found in mammals. Hemocyanin is dissolved in the blood's plasma, causing the blood to be a blue color.
