Hydrogen & Electronic Frequency Generation

Maser clocks using hydrogen have been used in the space program.

Sum-frequency generation spectroscopy is used to study hydrogen's behavior in fuel cells and the water-air boundary. Passive hydrogen masers generate a frequency of 1.420 Gigahertz. The decay rate of high energy hydrogen released by a maser can be used to create highly accurate internal clocks in electronic systems, like satellites.

Sum-Frequency Generation

Sum-frequency generation spectroscopy uses two beams to the sample to create a spectrum analysis. One beam is in the ultraviolet frequency range while the other is in the infrared range. Sum-frequency generation spectroscopy has been used to study hydrogen and oxygen molecules at the air-water boundary. This method has shown the break up of hydrogen and oxygen at the water vapor level. Sum-frequency generation has also been used to study hydrogen chemical behavior in fuel cells.

Solar Powered Fuel Cells

Solar powered fuel cells are also called solar hydrogen generation and solar water splitting. Sunlight is captured in the fuel cell or electricity supplied to the fuel cell. That energy is used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. The maximum level of

hydrogen fuel is produced by the fuel cell at the minimum electronic excitation frequency.

Using Hydrogen for Frequency Generation

Maser is short for microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. Passive hydrogen masers can be used for frequency generation that is used to control clocks within electronics. The decay of activated hydrogen atoms is used to manage quartz based clock within electronics. According to the "Handbook of Space Technology," "the resulting time stability is better than 0.5 ns in 12 h."

References

• "Frequency Standards: Basics and Applications"; Fritz Riehle; 2004
• "Solar Hydrogen Generation"; Krishnan Rajeshwar, Robert D. McConnell, Stuart Licht; 2008
• "On Solar Hydrogen and Nanotechnology"; Lionel Vayssieres; 2010
• "The Hydrogen Bond and the Water Molecule"; Yves Maréchal; 2007
• "Handbook of Space Technology"; Wilfried Ley, Klaus Wittmann, Willi Hallmann; 2009

Resources

• "Hydrogen-Based Autonomous Power Systems"; Emmanuel Zoulias, N. Lymberopoulos; 2008
• "Astrophysics, Clocks and Fundamental Constants"; Savely Karshenboim, Ekkehard Peik; 2004