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Stepper Motor Control Theory

A stepper motor converts electrical pulses into specific rotational movements. The shaft of a stepper motor moves a precise number of degrees in response to each pulse; by controlling the pulses, it is possible to control the positioning and speed of the motor.

  1. Construction

    • A stepper motor typically consists of a moving permanent magnet known as a rotor, and stationary pairs of windings known as stators. The stators carry the magnetic field that causes the rotor to move.

    Polarity

    • Passing a current through a stator pair of windings creates an electromagnetic field with a north and south pole. The north pole attracts the closest part of the rotor with the opposite polarity, and the south pole does likewise.

    Rotation

    • By sequentially changing the current flow to each of the stator pairs, the magnetic field can be altered so that the rotor changes position. The rotor moves through 15 degrees before it aligns with the magnetic field created by each successive stator pair, so it takes 24 steps to complete a full 360 degrees.

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