Why an iMac Computer May Quit Without Warning
Having your iMac suddenly shut down can be alarming. However, you can easily address the handful of common causes for this behavior.
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Heat
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Overheating is a common cause of sudden shutdowns. Make sure the iMac's vents are clear. Use a can of compressed air to dislodge dust, pet dander and other obstructions, but take care not to drive them further in. Do not use your iMac in an excessively dusty or smokey environment, too close to a heat source or in direct sunlight.
Power Supply
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A failing power supply can suddenly cut off electricity to the computer: this was a common problem with some 20-inch iMac G5s, for example. If possible, try another compatible power supply with your iMac, and your existing power supply with another computer. This may help isolate the problem.
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System Management Controller
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A Mac's SMC handles many low-level hardware functions, including power and heat management. If it functions abnormally, sudden shutdowns may result. To reset it, shut down and unplug your iMac. Hold the power button for five seconds, release it, then plug in and restart your computer. (The procedure for pre-Intel iMacs is different: see Resources.)
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References
Resources
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