Why Women Change Their Maiden Name
Women typically change their surname after marriage. There are exceptions such as hyphenated maiden name/new surname, keeping the maiden name, or the groom taking on the bride's surname. The general rule is that brides take on the groom's surname. This custom came about for a number of reasons.
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Security
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Women needed a husband for physical security. Having a husband could keep her safe from outside threats. If a woman did not have a husband she needed to provide for herself. This was not always a safe option, as jobs for women were scarce. Women who did not marry often became prostitutes, teachers, nannies, or servants.
This new last name gave any outside threat the clear message that she was safe and protected.
Right to Property/Belongings
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Women had no right to own property. Even into the 18th century, upon the death of the male of the house, property went to male children or other male relatives if they expressed interest in it--otherwise it went to the state. Property would also go to male grandchildren in some cases. By being married, a woman knew she would have a home and that she would be accepted by society.
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Western Christian Tradition
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Since Biblical times, patriarchal society has dominated the Western world. The idea of Adam's rib was that the wife was a part of her husband. During wedding ceremonies the two are joined and become one. The name change comes as a result of this joining during marriage.
A New Beginning
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Another view that women take on when changing their last name is that it is symbolic of the new beginning they are creating by getting married. They want to cut ties somewhat from their past and embrace their future. During wedding ceremonies two candles will be blown out and the third will be lit to signify their union and new beginning.
Considerations
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It is perfectly acceptable to keep the maiden name or to change it. One must figure out what makes the most sense for their marriage/family. You need to realize what a private and personal decision name changing can be.
Conclusion
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Women have taken their husband's last name for generations. This had begun to lose its popularity in recent generations but seems to be making a comeback. Only time will tell.
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