Two Main Types of Wagons Used on the Oregon Trail

During the 1800s, the Oregon Trail represented the dream of a new life for those who dared to brave the 2,000-mile trail to migrate to the Oregon Territory in the western United States. While many emigrants, known as Overlanders, traveling the Oregon Trail used simple covered farm wagons to make the trek, there were several types of wagons specially made for the rough, harsh conditions of the trail.

Conestoga Wagons

The large sturdy covered wagons known as Conestoga wagons were commonly used to carry freight in the east; however, these wagons were too heavy and large to navigate the difficult, mountainous terrain of the trail. Instead of using full-sized Conestogas, the wagons were modified into smaller, lighter versions that were more suited to the rough terrain.

Murphy Wagons

Another popular wagon on the Oregon Trail was called the Murphy wagon, named after its creator, Joseph Murphy. These large, sturdy wagons were originally built for transporting freight along the southern Santa Fe Trail, but when the Oregon Trail opened up, the wagons were modified into smaller versions with iron-reinforced axles.

Prairie Schooners

Most of the wagons on the trail were built with angled front and back ends that were higher than the middle to keep items within from rolling out. Because this construction made the wagons look much like boats, they were commonly referred to as prairie schooners. In fact, the name prairie schooner was well deserved, because the wagons were built so water-tight that they were often used as boats to float across slow-moving rivers along the trail.

Construction

The usual prairie schooner was about 4 feet wide, 2 or 3 feet deep and 10 to 12 feet long. The wagons were covered with a white, waterproof cloth called a bonnet. The front wheels were usually smaller in diameter (about 45 inches) than those in the back (about 50 inches). This difference allowed for greater flexibility in turns. The wheels were also lined with iron for better durability.

Travel and Use

Oxen were the animals of choice for pulling the wagons along the trail. Their strength and hardiness were ideal for pulling the heavy wagons, which often carried all of the food supplies and possessions for the entire family. Loads could weigh up to 2,500 lbs.

References

• Historic Oregon City
• National Park Service: Oregon Trail
• Wagons of the West