Physiological Effects of Nicotine

Nicotine is one of the more than 4,000 substances present in cigarette smoke. It is an addictive drug that affects the brain, heart and lungs of the smoker.

Significance

Nicotine increases the level of dopamine in the brain. Researchers believe this leads to pleasurable sensations causing physical addiction similar to that of heroin.

Effects

Immediately after smoking a cigarette, a person's adrenaline levels dramatically increase. This leads to rapid heartbeat, rapid shallow breathing and increased blood pressure.

Considerations

The circulatory system is affected by nicotine. Nicotine causes blood vessels to constrict. Nicotine also raises the "bad" blood cholesterol, LDL. As a result smokers have an increased risk of heart attacks and strokes.

Benefits

Enhanced memory and attention spans are a result of nicotine ingestion. Nicotine also raises metabolism, which leads to weight loss. Smokers on average weigh 6 to 9 lbs. less than nonsmokers of similar height and age. Nicotine also increases blood sugar levels, which can contribute to weight loss.

Withdrawal

Nicotine withdrawal causes confusion, fatigue, irritability and depression which lasts between 3 and 21 days.

Resources

• National Institute of Health Information on Nicotine
• National Institute of Drug Abuse Information About Nicotine