Wikipedia
Croissant
A croissant (, anglicised variously as , , etc.) is a buttery flaky pastry, named for its distinctive crescent shape. It is also sometimes called a crescentOxford English Dictionary, s.v. crescent. or crescent roll. Croissant are made of a leavened variant of puff pastry. The yeast dough is layered with butter, rolled and folded several times in succession, then rolled into a sheet, a technique called laminating.
Crescent-shaped breads have been made since the Middle Ages, and crescent-shaped cakes (imitating the often-worshiped Moon) possibly since classical times. Making croissant by hand requires skill and patience; a batch of croissant can take several days to complete. However, the development of factory-made, frozen, pre-formed but unbaked dough has made them into a fast food which can be freshly baked by unskilled labor. Indeed, the croissanterie was explicitly a French response to American-style fast food. This innovation, along with the croissants versatility and distinctive shape, has made it the best-known type of French pastry in much of the world. In many parts of the United States, for example, the croissant has come to rival the long-time favorite doughnuts.
Origin
The kipfel - ancestor of the croissant - has been documented in Austria going back at least as far as the 13th century, in various shapes . The kipfel can be made plain or with nut or other fillings (some consider the rugelach a form of kipfel http://recipes.wikia.com/wiki/Kipfel).
The "birth" of the croissant itself - that is, its adaptation from the plainer form of kipfel, before its subsequent evolution (to a puff pastry) - can be dated with some precision to at latest 1839 (some say 1838), when an Austrian artillery officer, August Zang, founded a Viennese Bakery ("Boulangerie Viennoise") at 92, rue de Richelieu in Paris.The 1839 date, and most of what follows, is documented in Jim Chevallier, "August Zang and the French Croissant: How Viennoiserie Came t read more at » http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croissant