Corporate Law

Following too closely is a dangerous driving practice that can lead to major highway accidents or annoying fender benders. In Florida, the law for following too closely is left open to be interpreted…

Corporate bylaws are a corporation's rules for governing the business. Unlike Articles of Incorporation (the legal document creating a corporate entity), corporate bylaws do not have to be filed with…

Attorneys and paralegals conducting legal research have an ethical and legal duty to complete research as thoroughly and accurately as possible. Failure to conduct adequate research may constitute…

Bylaws function as the constitution of an organization. They are typically drafted by founders of corporations, although unincorporated associations use them as well. Even though no state requires…

There are a number of methods for obtaining a copy of the bylaws of a nonprofit organization. The first method is to request and receive a copy directly from the organization or one of its officers or…

A primary source and secondary source have some things in common. For example, the sources can be anything ranging from a person to a document. Also, the sources are used to inform people about a…

Bylaws set the rules of behavior and establish the authority for a board of officers, directors or others designated to oversee an organization, generally a non-profit. Bylaws spell out the scope of a…

It is essential that officers and directors and key management staff members of nonprofit organizations adhere to conduct that will prevent conflicts of interest in their decision making. A conflict…

Bylaws are types of legislation that govern specific rules of behavior; usually for municipalities but sometimes for states and countries. It is not unusual to find strange and weird rules still on…

When wells that are injected deep beneath the surface experience leaks, contaminated and hazardous materials can infiltrate the water supply and pollute the air of the given area. To prevent the…

If you are going to start a nonprofit organization in Pennsylvania, chances are you are going to come across the BCO-10 form. The BCO-10 is a registration form for nonprofit and charitable…

Old private clubs with prestigious and elite reputations often refer to their club charters as a founding document that characterizes them. Today, Connecticut refers to the documents used to create…

It is is customary for home unit owners to have the right to participate in association board meetings. The board may adopt rules and regulations regarding the manner, frequency and time owners can…

A "flip tax" is a fee charged by a cooperative association when a unit in a cooperative is sold to a new owner. To charge a flip tax, the fee must be spelled out in the cooperative's organizing…

Article 8 of the Estates, Powers and Trusts Law requires the filing of two petitions when dissolving a not-for-profit in New York State. One petition is for the court, and one is for the Attorney…

There are 42 electric membership corporations in Georgia; together, they provide electricity to nearly half of Georgia's population. Some of Georgia's electrical membership corporations operate…

A proxy is a person authorized to act for someone else. There are many situations in which a person might appoint someone as his proxy. The person might not be able to make it to an important meeting…

Writing a check without sufficient funds, or a bad check, equates to receiving a good or service without paying for it. Merchants and service providers who receive a bad check can seek penalties in…

Proxy measurement is the method of determining certain outcomes using calculable quantities or values when you do not have the ability to measure the exact value. This mode gauges progress of…

Bylaws are a necessary and important part of creating a corporation. State law governs the provisions corporations can include in the bylaws. Bylaws are private and not subject to public disclosure…

The Canada Business Corporations Act is a Canadian law created to represent and regulate the dealings of businesses and corporations based in Canada. It provides legislation on issues such as…

Written as a safeguard for the public regarding the offering and sales of securities, Blue Sky laws regulate the registration of brokerage firms, stock brokers, broker-dealers and all security…

There are more than 1.5 million non-profit organizations in America. They are organized under individual state law and must be designated as non-profit from the moment they are set up.

Starting a nonprofit in Illinois is similar to starting a business. The organization must be incorporated, using the same methods required for for-profit companies. Illinois has similar regulations…

Although not all cosmetic offices need bylaws, larger offices and those that choose incorporation might need the structure of bylaws. Whenever you incorporate a business, certain regulations can help…

All citizens in Florida, including the media, have open access to records and meetings of public bodies conducting public business. There are a few exceptions, like collective bargaining and real…

A public corporation listed on a stock exchange typically has many shareholders. Each of these shareholders has the right to vote on matters of corporate governance, including election of the board of…

Short selling a stock occurs when an investor sells a security that she doesn't actually own. The investor is merely borrowing the stock and hoping to sell it at a high price point, and buying it back…

Membership corporation law governs organizations that are created for purposes other than to make a profit. These are generally referred to as religious organizations and labor unions, though other…

Applying for nonprofit status in Washington state can be done through the mail or online through the Secretary of State's website. Nonprofit organizations differ from charitable organizations when…

It is common for voting members of an organization to be absent from certain meetings. In such cases, they can assign their votes to another party who can legally vote on their behalf.

The State of Florida enforces specific business and forestry laws. Business laws cover areas such as business coordination, corporation, limited liability companies, common-law declaration of trust…

The law does not require privately owned corporations to file bylaws in the public record. Public outcry for transparency in business operations causes many corporations to publish company bylaws that…

Philippine corporation law is based on the Corporation Code of the Philippines. It outlines how corporations should be formed in the territory and who is responsible for executing certain tasks, which…

A corporation is organized under state laws. Each state has a corporations statute that specifies how a corporation can register with the state and the procedure it must follow, including restrictions…

Charity walks are a great way to support a cause, raise money or bring awareness to a cause. In New Jersey, charitable organizations and their fund-raising activities are controlled by the Charitable…

Nonprofit organizations in Texas abide under certain corporate laws that provide the rule concerning their financial accountability, establishment, purposes, volunteering, donations, tax deductibility…

Title 2, Chapter 22 of Texas' Business Organizations Code regulates nonprofit corporations operating in the state. Chapter 22 establishes rules regarding dividends, benefits, bylaws, annual meetings…

The Regional District of Namaio, or the RDN, is a region located in the Canadian province of British Columbia. It is situated on the southeast side of Vancouver Island. The RDN is one of 27 regional…

Nonprofit organizations in the U.S. are typically formed as incorporated nonprofits in accord with Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code, pursuant to which they are entitled to significant…

In the United States, corporations are organized pursuant to the laws of the individual states or territories. Puerto Rico's corporation law, located in Title 14 of the Laws of Puerto Rico, was…

Under the General Statutes of Connecticut, there are four different types of cooperatives. Each is governed by a different set of laws and has a different set of start-up rules. They are legally known…

Title 14, Section 14 of the Georgia Code is referred to as the Georgia Business Corporation Code. In Georgia, a corporation is a legal entity that enjoys all the rights and powers of a natural person…

The New Company Law abolished the Yugen Gaisha organization type and simplified procedures surrounding corporate establishment in general. This, as well as introducing the LLC and LLP, is intended to…

An S corporation is a common way to incorporate a business. This type of legal structure protects the business owners from incurring lawsuits and claims against their privately held assets and…

Corporate governance in Germany has traditionally been complex and heavily regulated. This led to pressure for a simpler form of incorporation, and changes were made to the law in 2008. Three main…

Australian corporation law is an amalgamation of two statues established in 2001, with firm roots in English Business Law. The Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ACIS) regulates…

A law firm is a business of lawyers who work under the same name in a legal structure. There are a range of sizes of law firms from individuals working alone to small partnerships and large…

Many shareholders put a lot of money into corporations. The federal government believes these shareholders should have more control over how their company is run, so proxy access laws have been…

Pennsylvania nonprofits must comply with a number of federal and state laws pertaining to charities and tax exemption. The regulations set down in the Pennsylvania Code were developed as a result of…

Forming a nonprofit organization in Indiana can be challenging, but with the right amount of planning and free forms and resources from the state of Indiana, you can make it happen without expensive…

Public companies in Canada have a responsibility to be transparent with their shareholders. Federally incorporated under the Canada Business Corporations Act (CBCA), companies must adhere to the CBCA…

Florida's Business Organization Law has strict guidelines regarding the issuance of dividends. These laws encompass who may receive corporate dividends, the types of dividends that may be issued, and…

The Chapter 7 Corporations Act is an Australian law that regulates the financial service industry. The act was passed by the Australian Securities & Investments Commission in 2001. Members of the…

Nonprofit corporations differ from their "for-profit" counterparts most basically in that they exist for a primary reason other than turning a profit--and sometimes enjoy exemption from state and…

In California, a corporation is a "legal entity distinct from its owners," meaning the owners, directors and officers of a corporation are not personally liable for corporate obligations and acts,…

The sale of securities, such as company shares or or bonds, is regulated by law in the state of Florida. Many of the state laws are designed to protect the public from fraudulent or misleading sales…

Business organizations often require specific people to vote during the company's decision-making process. According to "Black's Law Dictionary," proxy voting is authorized voting on the behalf of…

According to Australia's Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations (ORIC), you can take advantage of certain benefits by applying under the corporation's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander…

Following corporate scandals that saw executives prosecuted for mismanagement and abuse, the State of California sought to protect the public by implementing new laws for business and nonprofit…

Aside from the registration and licensing procedures required by the Virginia, owners of limited liability companies should consider the state's employment standards. Although there are some…

Washington State's rules for nonprofit organizations allow organizations to function as tax-exempt entities. According to the Washington Department of Revenue, organizations that qualify may not have…

Decisions to restrict corporate ownership to a small group of active contributors and investors requires strategic and effective planning. Offering the company's shares to more investors provides…

If you are in business, unless you are a sole proprietor, partnership and corporation law affect you. If you have a business partner, even if you do not sign a partnership agreement, you are in a…

Each state has separate laws governing how corporations are formed and can legally be operated. Nevada provides unique situations in its corporate law, known as articles of incorporation. The state…

Corporate law in Australia is embodied in two statues enacted in 2001, the content of which is mostly derived from English business law. The Australian Securities and Investments Commission is…

Under Oregon law an S corporation avoids paying federal income tax by allowing the company's taxes to "pass through" to the owners. Under this mechanism, owners pay personal income taxes based on the…

An S corporation, also called a subchapter-S corporation or a sub-S corp, is a specially structured type of business that has a corporation's protection against liability, but is similar to a…

There are a variety of reasons why a corporation may want to change their name. Perhaps they merged with another company or perhaps they want to enter a new field of business. Whatever the reason,…

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has a unique tax system in that national taxes are nearly nonexistent. Rather, the federal government has given each district--known as an "emirate"--the authority to…

Malaysia taxes most income earned by residents on a graduated scale. Income taxes in Malaysia are established by the Income Tax Act of 1967.

Governments collect taxes to pay for government expenses. State and local taxes fund streets, streetlights, sewers, schools, parks and wages for government employees. Federal taxes pay for those…

The New Mexico Nonprofit Corporation Act indicates rules and regulations for forming and operating a domestic nonprofit corporation in the state of New Mexico. A New Mexico nonprofit corporation does…

In Egypt, personal taxes are levied on income derived from salaries, professional fees, commercial profits, income from immovable goods such as land, and income from movable capital such as interest.

Germany has a multifaceted tax system that includes varying rates of income tax and corporate taxes that are assessed at both the national and municipal level.

The tax system in South Africa has seen a great deal of overhaul in the last several years, particularly in the corporate income tax structure.

Nonprofit organizations are businesses that exist to benefit a certain cause. Once it is incorporated, a nonprofit organization is a legal entity with many of the same obligations and privileges as a…

The Federal Constitution of Brazil establishes the Brazilian Tax System under Articles 145 to 162 and details which taxes may be created and which level of government may create them. Article 146…

Indonesia levies personal and corporate income taxes at the national level. Personal income taxes apply to earned income, capital gains and some employer-derived benefits, which are taxed at different…

Individual income taxes in China are levied on earned income, capital gains and some benefits. Earned income is calculated on a progressive sliding scale, while capital gains are taxed at a flat rate.…

While by-laws are not a requirement to start or form a corporation in Nevada, corporations are required by law to draft the corporation by-laws shortly after formation has occurred and keep a copy of…

The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is an independent federal agency created by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The Commission creates rules designed to enforce federal securities laws.

Florida's laws regarding corporations are found in the state's statutes enacted by the Florida legislature. Corporations must file with the Department of State before doing any business in Florida.…

In California, the term nonprofit public benefit corporation refers to an entity which is formed to carry out activities that are not meant to derive profit. These activities may include helping the…

Not-for-profit laws create the framework for charitable and service organizations to form and use their status to help society. Although most nonprofits use a corporate structure, organizations can…

Wall Street bailouts, golden parachutes and ever-expanding corporate rights have made corporate law and corporate formation a part of the zeitgeist of 21st-century American society. As the…

People often confuse nonprofit corporations with tax-exempt organizations. To get tax -exempt status from the (Internal Revenue Service (IRS), an organization has to operate on a not-for-profit basis…

Corporations are state-chartered organizations formed to transact various business. They hold distinct legal rights, responsibilities and liabilities, separate from the corporation's members. When…

The Insurance Companies Act current as of June 2010 was passed by the Canadian federal government in 1991. It contains legal requirements for insurance companies wishing to operate in Canada on a…

Arizona has a large set of laws for corporation doing business in the state. These laws are compiled in Title 10, the Corporations and Associations section, of the Arizona Revised Statutes. Enforcing…

More than 50 percent of all publicly traded companies in the U.S. were incorporated in Delaware in 2009, including 63 percent of Fortune 500 companies, because of low corporate taxes and laws that…

Passed in 1985, Bill C-44 is the Canada Business Corporations Act. It is a law that governs the activity of business corporations in Canada, including rules of incorporation, recordkeeping, powers and…

The Delaware General Corporation Law is contained in the Delaware Code under Title 8, Chapter 1 and governs business in Delaware. With more than 50 percent of all publicly traded companies in the…

Congress enacted the Securities Exchange Act in 1934 in order to regulate purchase and sale of securities already circulating in the markets. The act created reporting requirements for publicly traded…

As the world has become more connected by technology, corporate espionage has become an increasing problem. Corporate espionage is the sale or release of trade secrets to governments, companies or…

Secondary authorities are by standard definition those that purport to explain what a primary authority has declared as the law. For example, court decisions often seek to explain and interpret the…

Dissolution is the final state of liquidation, a process by which a business or partnership is terminated and effectively goes out of business. During dissolution, the assets of the business are sold…

The American Bar Association (ABA) published the Model Nonprofit Corporation Act (MNCA) in 1987 and just published the act's third edition in 2008. Nonprofits are granted tax-exempt status by the…

Stockbroker fraud laws are referred to as securities fraud laws. The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 contains the laws that govern the entire securities industry. Sections 9 and 10 of the act cover…

A proxy ballot is a ballot cast by a proxy during a vote of corporate shareholders. A proxy is someone selected by a shareholder either to vote on his behalf, or simply to vote instead of him. Proxies…

The term "stakeholder" is one most often encountered in corporate literature, although the term can be applied to government and social activist activities as well. A stakeholder can be broadly…

Hundreds of thousands of limited liability companies (LLCs) and corporations choose to form their entity in Delaware. Delaware offers an especially pro-business legal environment for all kinds of…

Corporate finance and securities laws protect investors against fraudulent financial reporting, deceitful disclosures and internal conflicts of interest. They help financial markets function…

Many types of groups organize under the California nonprofit law to get recognition for their endeavors, safeguard officers and directors from liability and become eligible for public and private…

Preferred and common stock represent investors' ownership rights in a corporation, and they carry various rights to exercise control over the corporation. Corporate debt represents a creditor's loan…

Be it through founder investment, angel investors, venture capital or traditional business loans, all businesses at some point must raise capital. But for many businesses, financing options seem…

If you own or are starting a business in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania that will be operating under a name that is different from its legal name, you will need to submit an application to the…

The law governing Michigan corporations is set forth in the Michigan Corporations Act. The Act specifies how a corporation may be formed in Michigan, what rules it must follow during its existence and…

A professional corporation (PC) is a type of corporation available to business entrepreneurs who offer professional services such as doctors, lawyers and engineers. PCs were formed to allow…

The California Consumer Cooperative Corporation Law, effective since 1984, sets out specific requirements for creation and operation of consumer cooperative corporations. The law is codified in…

In addition to having the traditional benefits of a corporation such as insulating owners from the liabilities of the business, S-corporations offer an attractive tax advantage where, the corporation…

A conglomerate is a group of businesses in unrelated industries that operate in cooperation with each other within a single corporation. Since it is a lot easier to start a corporation than to create…

The California Secretary of State's office handles the licensing of corporations in the state. Incorporators must follow a strict set of rules for the Secretary of State to grant a license. The name…

In California, nonprofit organizations are governed by sections 5000 through 10841 of the California Corporations Act. California law imposes certain rules and regulations regarding how such…

Tennessee's Department of State provides oversight for the state's corporate and individual fund-raiser rules and regulations. Professional fund-raising counsels and charitable organizations are held…

California has a complex water law system that combines several different types of legal structures. Commonly referred to as a "dual system," California law incorporates the riparian doctrine of water…

Once you determine that a corporation must close its doors permanently, there are strict legal guidelines that must be followed as part of the closure or dissolution. These guidelines are requirements…

A dividend is a payment made to the shareholders of a corporation. The dividend is collected from a portion of the corporation's profits and is paid out at the Board of Director's discretion.…

Each state has its own rules for a "law corporation"--referring to the joining of individual lawyers into a business partnership governed by the laws of the particular state. When a firm…

A share of stock in a company grants the shareholder the right to receive dividends and to vote on shareholders' resolutions. A pooling agreement, also known as a voting trust, is a contract whereby…

An S corporation in California appears as a separate legal entity from the shareholders of the company. California S corporations may have a maximum of 100 shareholders, all of whom must be…

A corporate seal is applied to documents, such as contracts, to indicate a corporate act. This practice has medieval origins when wax and a stamp were used and has continued into modern times with the…

Do you have an idea about starting a charitable organization or an organization to advance science or literary arts in the state of Florida? If so, consider obtaining nonprofit status for your…

The advantages to becoming a nonprofit corporation are numerous. One advantage is that your corporation will no longer have to pay taxes. Another advantage is that donors can deduct the amount of…

The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania's corporation law is codified in Title 19 of the Pennsylvania Code, which creates a Corporation Bureau under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of State's Office.…

To dissolve a corporation in the state of Delaware the corporation's Board of Directors must make a resolution which states the intent of the corporation to dissolve. This resolution must then gain…

The laws governing dissolution of a corporation vary slightly from one state to another. Overall, the procedures utilized to dissolve a corporation are the same in all jurisdictions in the U.S. The…

In Wyoming, the Secretary of State handles business registrations. Before you file, you will need to decide on the legal structure of your business. Business registrations take between three to five…

Courts use a legal fiction of treating corporations as artificial persons in order to allow the law to apply to corporations as a whole. This concept actually began with ancient Rome, where a business…

Corporate record requirements are found in every state and, as a practical matter, compliance with federal tax laws necessitate certain record keeping. The primary records of the corporation's…

If you establish a corporation under the laws of a U.S. state, the IRS will tax the corporation on its worldwide income unless it qualifies for "S corporation" status (domestic international sales…

You may incorporate in Wyoming even if you do not intend to set up an office or conduct business there. Every U.S. state has its own incorporation laws, and some are more friendly to corporations than…

Several benefits exist for filing an S corporation for a small business. S corporations enjoy flow through taxation, which means the shareholders file taxes on their personal income (usually called…

The terms "constitution" and "bylaws" (or "bylaw") can be defined either individually or together as a single term. The individual words also have multiple definitions for different contexts. It is…

As with other types of corporations, insurance companies provide stock that gives its shareholders the opportunity to share in the corporation's profits. But as with all profits, it is subject to…

Forming a corporation offers many advantages including limited liability, potentially favorable tax treatment and enhanced business credibility. Nevertheless, there are certain inevitable…

A multinational corporation is often thought to be a giant business entity with operations in dozens of countries. However, the minimum requirement for a corporation to be considered multinational is…

If you have a good idea for an organization that can help improve the lives of others, you may want to form a legal nonprofit corporation. This has several benefits. Among them are that you can apply…

Rules of corporate governance establish and allocate the responsibilities that shareholders and directors have in operating a business. In general, the right to manage the affairs of a corporation is…

A close corporation is a form of enterprise where the owner/shareholders are actively involved in the business affairs and management of the company. In order to insure that control remains with the…

While a corporation is a fictional creature, the product of legislation, it is treated for legal purposes much like a person. It can sue and be sued, and it must file income tax returns. Corporate…

A legal entity, otherwise known as a juristic person or juridical person, is a group or organization that is considered an individual for certain purposes. Companies, cooperatives, estates, political…

The laws that affect social clubs depend on how the club is organized. A very informal, unincorporated social club has no particular laws that apply to it specifically. Much more highly organized…

With over 160,000 nonprofit corporations in Canada, and 19,000 federally incorporated, the Canadian incorporation process needed improvement. The Canada Not-for-profit Corporations Act is a federal…

Alumni groups and fraternal societies are two examples of social clubs that can receive special tax treatment by the IRS. If these organizations are incorporated under the laws of a state and meet…

The legal system can be confusing to people who don't understand how it works. That tends to be pretty difficult, which is why the various laws and the way they are set up are not always known by the…

When starting a law office, determine if the business is a sole proprietorship, a partnership, a professional corporation or a professional limited liability company before seeking tax advice and…

A closely held corporation is a business or corporation where there is no ready market existing for the trading of shares. Find out more about how closely held corporations are treated differently…

Shareholders get money by a corporation earning profits, which increases stock value, or through dividends that are distributed to stockholders by a business when it earns profits. Learn the…

The Corporate Opportunity Doctrine dictates a fiduciary cannot take on a business opportunity that should be first reported to the corporation. Understand how the Corporate Opportunity Doctrine is…

Nonprofit corporations are businesses that don't allow ownership and do not have an appreciation of stock or dividend distribution. Discover the differences between a for profit corporation and…

Indemnification in business has to do with a corporation agreeing to provide legal council for directors for actions they engage in on behalf of the company. Learn how companies use indemnification to…

In business, shareholders are the individual owners of a company and typically elect directors, who in turn appoint officers. Learn more about the corporate hierarchy and how each one affects each…

A shareholder is a person, company or other institution that owns at least one share in a business or corporation. Become a stockholder and earn dividends on company profits with advice from a lawyer…

Corporate by-laws are used by businesses as a way to define how they are run and operated. Learn how corporate by-laws are different than articles of incorporation with insight from a lawyer in this…

Businesses sometimes issue dividends, which are part of a corporation's profits that are given to shareholders based on number of shares held. Earn dividends, but be aware they may be double taxed,…

Start a corporation by first considering state laws regarding businesses and hiring an attorney for assistance. Generate business by starting a corporation with incorporation kits with advice from a…

Starting a corporation can be done with the assistance of an attorney or on one's own, but check with the secretary of state's office first for information. Download information about starting a…

If you have decided to operate your business as a corporation, one of the first tasks you will have to undertake is that of writing your corporate bylaws. Corporate bylaws are written to set the…

A corporate disclosure statement is a legal document that discloses the power structure and financial activity of a company. This statement serves as a permanent record of the key executives at the…

When you incorporate a business within one state and it does business within another state, the laws refer to it as a Foreign Corporation. Each state requires different reporting of essential…

Recent changes have made U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) compliance laws for shareholder meetings even easier to work with. The newest changes have specified that the use of Internet…