Discover the expert in you.
Discover the expert in you.
One Calorie of energy is the heat needed to increase the temperature of 1kg of pure water by 1 degree C. Water heating calculations are based on pure water, but spa water contains impurities, such as dissolved minerals and gasses. Their presence in the water alters its density and mass, so it is necessary to compensate by establishing the exact mass of 1 liter of spa water before performing the math required to find the kilowatts required to heat it.
Archaeology is the study of the history, living styles, cultures and customs of past human civilizations. Archaeologists investigate and document structures, tools, art, clothing from the past, and create reports, comparisons and theories about the nature and purpose of what they find. These methods are the ways that we learn about people of the past.
Parts-per notation is a method of noting small values of certain quantities with no dimensions, such as mass or dilution, in the sciences and engineering. There are no units of measure involved with this notation beyond the "parts-per" indicator. Numbers, both very small and very large, are often expressed in terms of scientific notation of the form a x 10^b. It is very common for part-per expressions to be labeled in this way.
Watts are a familiar unit of electrical power, most commonly encountered in power ratings for appliances, such as a 1,000-watt hairdryer or a 1,500-watt microwave oven. At the other end of the electrical scale are quads, units of electrical consumption used to describe the global usage of electrical power. Quads measure electrical use over time, so a direct conversion from watts to quads is impossible without first converting watts into watts per hour.
An ohm is a unit of electrical resistance. Ohms were discovered and named by Georg Ohm. Measuring ohms is a useful way to diagnose problems in wiring and circuits. Large amounts of ohms are measured in kilohms, which you may want to convert to ohms to show a true measure of value.
Like calories and joules, a British thermal unit or BTU is a measure of energy, equivalent to about 1055 joules. While joules are the international standard, BTUs and calories remain popular units in the U.S., especially for describing the energy content of fuels like wood. The energy density of wood as measured in BTUs varies depending on the species.
Scientists use both siemens and mhos as units to describe the electrical conductivity of substances. Conductivity is essentially the opposite of resistivity; the ability to allow the flow of an electric current. The only real difference between these two units is that siemens are the official unit of the SI system of measurement, commonly known as the metric system. Mhos are an older unit of conductivity but are still commonly used. You can easily convert between these two units of conductivity because they are essentially identical, except in their different names.
Kids who were fascinated with dinosaurs are often ready to graduate to archaeology, especially if they've seen any of the Indiana Jones movies. Encourage their interest with crafts that celebrate different aspects of archaeology from learning more about native peoples to studying fossils and old bones. These crafts can make great summer home activities, classroom projects or even activities for an archaeology-themed birthday party.
A part per million unit is the measure of the mass concentration of one substance in a volumetric sample. For instance, typically parts per million (ppm) can be measured in milligrams per liter, or mass of one substance in one liter of solution. A simple demonstration of the measurement of parts per million is the determination of salt (sodium chloride) concentration in water.
"Exploratory research" is a term used to describe research on a subject that has not yet been clearly defined. It is also sometimes loosely used as a synonym for "qualitative research," although this is not strictly true. Exploratory research helps to determine whether to proceed with a research idea and how to approach it. It is often flexible and dynamic and can be rooted in pre-existing data or literature. Exploratory research techniques are applied in marketing, drug development and social sciences.
BTU, or British Thermal Units, is a measure of energy commonly used in calculations related to heating systems. In the U.S., the term "heat units" sometimes replaces Btu. In situations where steam powers heating systems, it is necessary to understand the relationship between the amount of steam and the heat energy it provides. Converting pounds of steam into an energy value in Btu is straightforward.
Kilowatts (kW) and British thermal units (Btu) are both measurements of energy. Btu, sometimes called heat units, are often associated with domestic heating systems running on gas, oil or steam, while kilowatts and kilowatt-hours are more commonly associated with electricity. Before it is possible to calculate Btu from kilowatts, the kilowatts must be converted into kilowatt-hours (kWh). A straightforward conversion formula then determines the kilowatt-hour equivalent in Btu. A calculator is required.
Planetary orbits are the paths followed by objects that revolve around a body in a planetary system. These orbits are most often spoken about in reference to artificial man-made satellites that orbit around the Earth. The science of planetary orbits was first described, with any real accuracy, by Kepler's laws of planetary motion.
A sub-discipline of anthropology, archaeology is the study of material remains left by humans, animals and geological events. Studying and analyzing these materials provide vital information about the past. Scientific excavation and analysis of archaeological data involves rigorous research, detailed planning, accurate execution of techniques and extensive documentation. There are various methods for site surveying, excavation and dating. Much of archaeological science focuses on the context of any discoveries, for example, their location in geological sediment layers or relation to a historical period.
The infinite nature of the number system is a concept people often find hard to grasp. The person who asks "can you have a bigger number than 10,000?" is not alone in struggling to comprehend that there can always be a bigger number. This is partly because the mind has difficulty visualizing huge numbers such as 1 billion and, in the case of children, a consequence of mental development. Finding a larger number is always possible and can be demonstrated in a simple way.
Numbers such as millions and billions are often vague descriptions of something enormous, but both have precise values. A million is 10 to the power of six, written as 10^6. Like gallons and the metric system, the U.S. version of a billion is different than that used elsewhere. In Europe the billion, literally a bi-million, is 1 million-million, or 10^12. In the United States, it is 1 thousand-million, or 10^9. Converting millions to either form of billions is a simple process.
NASA has made tracking the International Space Station into something interactive. Because it is always in orbit, you can find information on not only its current status, but on its past status and future status. Through NASA's Web site, you are able to see where the space station is and when you will be able to see it with your own eyes. The Web site also includes crew information, how fast it is traveling and even its altitude.
Converting between units of measurement is fairly straightforward when dealing with simple, tangible properties like length, mass and time. You just multiply yards by the conversion factor (0.9144) to get meters. Units of energy, however, are a bit harder to grasp, and it doesn't help that they are defined in terms of other units. A foot-pound, for example, is the energy used in applying a force of one pound through a distance of one foot. Force itself is a derived unit, equal to mass times distance over time squared.
Doughnuts are measured in dozens and energy is often measured in Btus, or British thermal units. The amount of energy in one Btu is approximately equal to the amount of energy in a single chocolate-covered doughnut. Btu per hour, however, unlike the Btu, is power measured as a ratio of energy to time. For example, 1 Btu/1 hour = 1 Btu per hour. It is as easy to convert Btu per hour into metric terms as it is to convert Btus into chocolate-covered doughnuts.
TDS and conductivity are typically used to determine the purity of a solution. These parameters are often used to assess samples for checking a water treatment system's efficiency and quality of treated water. TDS and conductivity are convertible by simple calculation, involving a conversion factor. The value of the factor depends upon the type and level of dissolved minerals in the water or the solution.
While many genealogical resources can be found online, there are several institutions in New York State that you will want to visit in person for the best results. With some careful planning, you can create an itinerary for the ultimate family history research trip.
Hiking and camping can be a fun activity, but if you are the kind of person that likes to travel off the beaten path, you must take the necessary precaution to prevent becoming lost. A Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) map provides a grid system of latitude and longitude lines that you can use to help navigate open areas. Using a UTM joint plotter with your map, you can pinpoint a destination or find the coordinates of your current location.
Archaeologists use a range of methods to find lost cities, roads and tombs without touching a shovel. One of these is soil-resistivity testing. This process relies on soil moisture and salinity to test resistance to electrical current.
While 35 mm slides are going away as a way to take, preserve and present family photos, you can create genealogy slides in PowerPoint and create a presentation to share online or at family events and reunions. People have always had an interest in tracing their family roots and knowing where you come from and who your ancestors are is a pastime for many Americans, especially as they grow older. Mainstream TV shows like NBC's "Who Do You Think You Are?" and PBS' "Faces of America" are also expanding this active interest in genealogy to more Americans as they watch…
Genealogy is the collecting and studying of a family's ancestry. In today's high-tech world, genealogical information is a lot easier to acquire. Online databases of census information and travel documents provides people with the ability to easily record back at least several generations in their family's history. Although it becomes more difficult to gather information as you progress further into history, there are a number of tactics you can use to find even the rarest of family information. The 11th generation in a family would be your grandparents' grandparents' grandparents' grandparents' grandparents, or your great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-grandparents. Since this information could be…
Biofuel B100 is pure biodiesel, a renewable fuel produced from sources such as vegetable oil or animal fat. Biofuel B100 consists of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids, and it can be used as a pure fuel or blended with regular diesel to produce a fuel that can be used in normal engines with little or no modification. In the United States, biofuel B100 must comply with the biodiesel standard ASTM D 6751 to ensure adequate performance and safety.
The possibilities of space exploration are at your fingertips through a free, online space game. If you love space and learning about the planets, you may enjoy learning how to maneuver your own space station or letting your child do so. NASA provides a free online space station game that you can play. You can familiarize yourself with the look of spacecrafts and space stations and imagine yourself as an astronaut exploring the mysteries of the unknown.
The Internet has opened new avenues for family genealogy research, creating convenient links to thousands of records and experienced researchers. Online resources, however, often refer to local repositories that continue to be the most valuable sources and which must be researched in person.
Boilers in homes, apartment buildings and businesses generally comprise a large tank that heats water via the combustion of natural gas. As the water reaches its boiling point, hot steam is escapes up into pipes that connect to radiators throughout the building. These radiators heat up and "radiate" energy, heating the home or office. A given boiler is rated at a certain BTU, or British Thermal Unit, heat output. By using the BTU rating for the boiler and your monthly gas bill you may determine the usage cost for operating the boiler per BTU.
With the prevalence of genealogy software and online resources, anyone can create a genealogy to teach future generations about a family's history. But exhaustive research into family origins does little good if no one feels compelled to read it. The best family genealogies are the ones that relatives treat like professional publishing projects. High production values, interesting prose and additional content will engage readers and create a keepsake for relatives that they can pass on to future generations.
A book or booklet of your family's history and genealogy can be a timeless gift for family members. It can also create a lasting resource for future family members to discover their heritage. Creating a genealogy booklet is a large undertaking, one that can be made significantly easier with computer software. Those looking to write a genealogy booklet can use an array of tools and methods to make and print a valuable keepsake.
The electrical conductivity of a material identifies that material's ability to conduct electric current. Conductors, such as metals, have high conductivity, while insulators, such as rubber, have low conductivity. Conductivity is an intrinsic property, meaning it depends on the material itself, not on the shape or size of the material. It can be difficult to apply conductivity values to real-life situations, so you often need to convert conductivity to a different quantity.
Conductivity refers to a substance's ability to hold an electric current. Most of the time the conductivity of water is measured. Units for conductivity are measured in microsiemen per centimeter, uS/cm. Pure water cannot hold an electric charge but water that contains minerals and salt can. Therefore conductivity is related to the amount of salt and minerals in the water. The salt amount in water is known as TDS, or total dissolved solids. This is measured in parts per million, ppm, which can also be converted to mg/L.
Whether it's part of your job or you're just looking to make some upgrades on your home, you may want to determine the effectiveness of your boiler (the amount of energy needed to turn water into steam). You'll probably be working with information like the horsepower (hp), the British thermal units (BTU), and the pounds of steam per hour. If all you know is the BTU for your boiler, using some simple equations can help you to determine how many pounds of steam per hour your boiler creates.
Conductivity, the measurement of how well electrical current passes through, is in direct relation to the ion concentration of most solutions. The higher the ion concentration in your solution, the better it will conduct electricity. Although some highly concentrated solutions do not follow the linear relationship of conductivity-to-concentration and conductivity can be affected by temperature, a standard conversion factor can be used to make a best estimate of concentration if conductivity is known.
The organic farming movement began around 1930 as a response to the growing industrialization of agricultural techniques and the increasing reliance on synthetic fertilizers. Among the goals of the movement, as stated by the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements, is the sustainment of the health of the soil, ecosystems and people, and a reliance on biodiversity and ecological processes. As a result, there are several aspects that make the organic food produced by these techniques an environmentally healthier choice.
Created by an Act of Congress, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration began on Oct. 1, 1958. NASA's preamble, as written on its website, is "An Act to provide for research into the problems of flight within the outside the Earth's atmosphere, and for other purposes." Upon its creation, NASA absorbed the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics.
UTM, or Universal Transverse Mercator, is a geographic coordinate system that is used to project an area of the earth's surface onto a flat two-dimensional map. UTM projections are used to minimize the distortion that occurs when a part of the globe is represented on a flat surface such as a sheet of paper or a computer screen. There are 60 UTM zones across the earth's surface, and it is possible to determine the UTM zone of a given location if you know its latitude and longitude.
A nit is a brightness measurement of light whose standard is the amount of light that one candle gives off in one square meter of area. The nit is a unit of measurement that is used for light given off in digital displays such as computer screens, video games and other visual appliances.
When high-frequency, alternating electric current (AC) runs through a wire, it has a tendency to distribute itself around the outer thickness of the metal, eschewing the material in the center. Known as the "skin effect," this phenomenon is usually expressed in terms of skin depth: the distance from the surface at which point amperage is reduced by approximately 62%. The higher the skin effect, the smaller the skin depth (and vice versa).
The word "specific," when used in physics and chemistry, has a (specific) meaning. It refers to a quantity divided by an extensive (dimensional) measure to make it a measure of a substance's properties instead of peculiar to a particular object. For example, specific conductivity (or just conductivity, which by definition already is a specific measure) measures a substance's ability to conduct electricity. Scientists measure conductivity in seawater to determine salinity. While the conversion from the former to the latter uses a long equation of several terms, you can use an online calculator to make the conversion with just three variables.
Electrical conductivity quantifies the quality of a substance to conduct electricity. Conductance, on the other hand, quantifies this quality for a specific object. Being a more general measure, conductivity can be found in tables, while conductance of a specific conductor is measured directly. The SI unit for conductivity is siemens per meter (S/m). However, different tables or graphs may give conductivity in other units, so it helps if you know how to convert between different units.
The equation that converts conductivity to salinity is quite lengthy. Fortunately, online calculators are available to simply the calculation, or at least to check your work after doing the lengthy calculations. The main stumbling block, aside from all the arithmetic, is getting your measurements into the proper units. Note, for example, that the SI units for conductivity are siemens per meter (S/m). A siemen is the reciprocal of an ohm, also called a "mho."
The SI units for conductivity are siemens per meter (S/m). A siemen is the reciprocal of an ohm, sometimes referred as a "mho." Conductivity is a function of the inverse of the unit for resistance because conductivity is defined as the reciprocal of resistivity. Conductivity is the measure of the quality of a substance to conduct electricity. It is a general term, measuring the quality of a substance, as opposed to a specific conductor's ability to conduct. Sometimes, conductivity is written micro-siemens per centimeter. However, you may need it in SI units to use a table or calculator in S/m.
Mega ohms are a unit of resistivity, which describes the ability of a material to resist the flow of electrical current. Conductivity describes the ability of a material to conduct the flow of electrical current. Thus resistivity and conductivity are opposites of each other. A substance that has a high resistivity will have a low conductivity. In contrast, a material with high conductivity will have a low resistivity. These two measures, resistivity and conductivity, are directly related to each other mathematically, where one is the reciprocal of the other. This simple relationship allows for easy conversion between the resistivity unit…
The conductivity of water is the result of ions that carry the electrical current. Ion concentration is frequently reported in parts per million. Because ions carry the electrical current, conductivity is directly related to ion concentration. The higher the ion concentration (expressed in parts per million), the higher the conductivity. For this reason, water bottlers and wastewater treatment facilities like Lenntech use conductivity as a way of measuring the purity of the water they handle. Below is an easy conversion between parts per million and conductivity.
Resistance, or resistivity, indicates how well a material resists the flow the electric current. Materials like rubber, for example, have a high resistivity, making them good insulators. Materials that have a high resistivity also have a low conductivity. Conductivity refers to how well a material conducts electricity. Mathematically, resistivity and conductivity are inverses of each other. This means that a material that conducts electricity well (high conductivity) does not resist the flow of electric current (low resistance), and a material that does not conduct electricity well (low conductivity) resists the flow of current (high resistance).
Resistance is a measure of a how much a conductor slows an electric current. The equation is R=V/i, where "V" is the potential difference between the ends of the conductor and "i" is the rate of the current through it. Resistivity is related to resistance, but measures a substance's capacity of slowing an electric current instead of an individual conductor's. Conductivity is closely related to resistivity, measuring the capacity of a substance to allow a current through, instead of the substance's ability to slow it.
Water, in its pure form, is a poor conductor of electricity. Add some minerals, and its conductivity rises dramatically. Copper is one of the best conductors. It's used in most electric and electronic applications.
Scientists describe a planet's orbit using two main parameters: semi-major axis and period. The semi-major axis is half the diameter of the orbit's elliptical shape, while the period is the amount of time needed for the planet to return to the same position in space. You can find both of these parameters from observations of a planet over time or from previously-calculated values listed in tables. Minor parameters, such as the planet's inclination (tilt from the plane of the solar system) and eccentricity (the orbit's deviance from a perfect circle), complete the description of an orbit.
Technologies of the modern age--such as the computer, television, electric lights, radio and microwave ovens--have depended on our knowledge of the electrical conductivity and resistance of the materials used to build them. This knowledge has allowed the development of the circuits and electrical components within technological devices, as well as improved the way that they are powered.
Power is measured in watts, pound-feet, horsepower, calories and British Thermal Units, or BTUs. Converting between between these notations allows us to compare "apples with apples", rather than "apples with coconuts." The power consumption of a device whose output is rated in BTUs, like an air conditioner, can be compared with a another device, like a light bulb, whose output is rated in watts to determine whether it uses more power to run an air conditioner than a light bulb.
Believer or skeptic, you can join a Bigfoot research expedition to search for evidence of this elusive creature. Expeditions head out into wild areas where Bigfoot sightings have been reported. Members use advanced technology to search for evidence or visual sightings. A number of organizations around the world offer expeditions throughout the year.
