Chemistry

One of the many things you will learn about in physical chemistry is surface to volume ratio. Learn about surface to volume ratio in physical chemistry with help from a mathematics educator in this…

When it comes to chemistry nomenclature, Roman numerals are essentially a standard. Use Roman numerals in chemistry nomenclature with help from a teacher with over 20 years of experience in this free…

When working on chemistry one thing you'll need to be very familiar with is the Metric system. Make Metric conversions for chemistry with help from a teacher with over 20 years of experience in this…

People are affected by chemistry every day, but many students struggle to understand the basics of this important science. Chemistry frequently feels abstract and distant. A poster can make the basic…

Percentage error in chemistry is used in measuring of precision and accuracy of values obtained during an experiment. The percentage error is calculated using the formula, percentage error equals the…

Steel is one of the modern world's most important construction materials. Although the main ingredient is iron, steel is actually an alloy that also contains a small amount of carbon and sometimes…

The analytical chemist spends her days examining chemical properties. The discoveries that she makes are used to improve existing products or develop new ones. At the very least, analytical chemists…

Fermentation occurs in a variety of biochemical environments, from within the bodies of humans to those of undomesticated mammalians, as well as within an array of other organic compounds. The most…

Slurries increase the surface area of insoluble materials within a solvent. Chemical processes can benefit greatly from the properties of a slurry. Chemical reactions that incorporate the involvement…

To simulate chemistry heat phases requires a relatively simple experiment in melting ice. When the ice is heated, it quickly turns into water, then from water into steam, thus demonstrating all three…

While the potentially explosive chemical reactions and out-of-this-world elements that make up the periodic table would seem to make chemistry a thrilling topic of study, to many students, the subject…

Whether it's at the high school or college level, chemistry is a complicated course full of scientific data that must first be collected and then recorded. Following the rules for graphing this data…

Most tenured professors possess a doctoral degree, which takes around six years to complete. Obtaining a tenured position at a university takes around seven years. Budget cuts and class offerings…

Over the last two centuries, chemists have developed multiple ways to identify compounds and determine their structures. Some of these techniques are older but remain useful; testing the melting point…

Trigonometry is a system of mathematics that describes triangles. Chemists use trigonometric functions to accurately describe the angles that are created when atoms bond together to form molecules.…

When chemists speak of "neutrals," they are typically referring to a class of compound substances (substances made up of two or more elements) that are neither acids nor bases. Acidity is measured on…

All material objects in the known universe are made of tiny particles of matter known as atoms. Atoms are composed of electrons, neutrons and protons. These three properties come in several…

Compounds like water, baking soda, marble and salt are all around us. They're collections of two of more elements whose atoms are chemically bonded. Take the compound water, for instance. It is…

It is important to take necessary foundation courses, especially if you intend to pursue a field in which proficiency in a particular subject is essential. However, if you are already well-versed in…

Biotechnology experiments involving the extraction of DNA from plasmids require the use of a buffer called Glucose-Tris-EDTA, abbreviated as GTE. This buffer is a sterile solution containing glucose,…

The difference between atoms and molecules is one of the central distinctions of basic chemistry. Atoms are the smallest units of matter that compose the elements. Molecules consist of either two or…

Boyle's Law states that when the temperature is kept constant, the relationship between volume and pressure is inversely proportional. As the volume decreases, the pressure increases, meaning as the…

It is convenient for measurement purposes to know how much of a substance is dissolved in a given volume of solution; this is what chemists mean by "concentration." Molarity is the most common way of…

Chlorophyll is an essential plant pigment. Without it, plants would be unable to conduct photosynthesis and produce food. In biology classes, you can easily isolate chlorophyll from spinach or other…

High school students may be required to mix chemical solutions when encountering laboratory experiments. It is important to properly mix chemicals into a useful chemical solution. Some solutions are…

Molarity is calculated by dividing the number of moles of a solute by the number of liters of solution. The calculation is fairly straightforward with one volume present. Multiple volumes will change…

Hydrogen is the simplest atom possible, consisting in its normal form of one proton and one electron. A hydrogen ion is an atom that has lost its electron through physical or chemical processes,…

Reaction vials and round-bottom flasks are used in chemistry experiments to hold and facilitate chemical reactions. The shape and volume of the containers make them optimal for different reactions and…

The mole fraction of a substance in a mixture is the amount of the substance in the given total amount of the mixture. Scientists usually calculate the mole fraction in terms of moles of the…

Molar concentration of a solute is the amount of the solute dissolved in per-unit volume of a solution. Molar concentration of a solute in a solution is usually called molarity, substance…

Molarity, or molar concentration, is a measure of the amount of solute in a particular solution and is reported as moles per liter. Ethyl alcohol, or ethanol, can combine with water to form a…

Many people have a love-hate relationship with chemistry. Some love chemistry because they "get it," and it makes sense to them. Others hate chemistry because they don't understand it. Because most…

Boyle's law, sometimes known as the Boyle-Mariotte law, states a principle related to the behavior of gases. Credit for the discovery goes to Robert Boyle, sometimes called the "Father of Modern…

A solution is a mixture of two parts: a solute and a solvent. The solute is the dissolved particle within the solution and the solvent is the part that dissolves the solute. For example, salt water…

A solution is composed of two parts: a solute and a solvent. Solute is the part that gets dissolved and solvent is the part that dissolves the solute in itself. A very good example of solute is table…

Knowing the percentage composition of a substance is important in making many chemistry-related decisions. The percentage composition of a fuel is important in knowing how that fuel may potentially…

Chemistry is a physical science that focuses on the properties of substances. In a chemistry class, students learn about scientific notation, the periodic table, the atomic structure, chemical…

There are many scientific discoveries that occur each year, including throughout the 1970s. One example is the introduction of bar codes on products in England. These discoveries included various…

Art institutes are available in nearly 50 U.S. cities as of 2011, according to The Art Institutes website. California leads the way with eight locations, followed by Texas with six. Florida,…

Molarity is the scientific term for the concentration of molecules in a solution. The solute is the solid that has been dissolved in the solvent, and the molarity tells you the concentration of that…

There are many ways to describe the concentration of a solution in science. Two common expressions are molarity and molality. Though similar, there are some basic difference between the two. Molarity…

It might take some time to become confident of your understanding of solutions and concentration. Being able to measure and calculate concentration using different systems such as molarity, parts per…

Setting up simple science projects for your students is a powerful learning tool. Students can be lead to discover basic scientific truths by themselves through inquiry based learning. The lessons…

Organic chemistry is the bane of pre-medical students everywhere. From the complex formulas and molecular structures to the concepts that take explanation and practice to master, there is definitely a…

Writing atomic and molecular ratios enables you to understand the composition of the molecule in terms of the elements which it contains. An atom is a very small particle that composes the elements of…

Students should always exercise caution when conducting chemistry experiments. While watching chemistry come to life can be very interesting, it can also be quite hazardous. Guide your students…

There a number of simple and engaging projects that will introduce students to the world of chemistry. As the practice of this science often involves utilizing dangerous chemicals and equipment to…

Rubber stoppers are the modern equivalent of a cork. Stoppers are used in the fields of chemistry and medicine to help contain vacuums, liquids or gasses in test tubes and flasks during storage and…

Alchemy is an ancient discipline with both philosophical and practical sides. The word itself comes to English from Arabic and gives us the word “chemistry.” Alchemy is often considered a…

A mole is the molecular weight of a substance. It is a unit of measure that serves as a convenient way to standardize quantities of a substance. Specifically, a mole of a substance is equal to the sum…

Hydrochloric acid is a hazardous compound at full strength. It is one of the strongest acids known to man with a pH of 0.1; it is almost always diluted in the lab. These diluted solutions are often…

When working with chemical compounds in the laboratory, it is sometimes necessary to separate mixtures of different liquids. Because many chemical mixtures are volatile and can be harmful to humans on…

Nuclear reactors are based on the "fission" process for generating heat energy to produce electricity. Fission is a chain reaction process that needs to be controlled for smooth and safe operation of…

EDTA (ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid) and EGTA (ethylene glycol tetra-acetic acid) are two similar substances. Both are polyamino carboxylic acids, and come in the form of white crystalline…

"Totally Spies Academy" was a show that aired in France from 2001 to 2008 and is now an online game that features a group of female students who are secret spies. The game lets you create your own spy…

Hydrochloric acid is a solution of hydrogen chloride gas in water and is used for many industrial applications. Examples include steel pickling, processing ore, cleaning oil wells, food manufacturing…

An Erlenmeyer flask is a piece of glassware used by chemists and other scientists for a variety of reasons. With its wide bottom and narrow neck, the Erlenmeyer flask is useful for mixing and storing…

Many of the products you use every day, or at least once a week, were invented by accident. In fact, some of the world's most treasured innovations in science, medicine and practical daily…

Serendipity has often played an important role in scientific discoveries. Sometimes a carefully planned experiment has produced unexpected results. On other occasions, careless actions have led to…

Typically the top universities in the sciences like chemistry differ from those that offer programs in more creative fields like art. However, a perusal of the rankings lists established by "U.S.…

Aspiring chemists have a number of fine degree programs to choose from at universities committed to providing an intellectually stimulating environment. Students pursuing these programs have…

Rock candy is a crystallized sugar confection. It is easy to make, and because it uses a simple chemical process that causes crystals to form, making rock candy can be a fun and tasty way to teach…

A flow chart is a graphic organizer that uses shapes and arrows to connect the steps of a given process. Flow charts simplify information and help you comprehend complex processes more easily. You may…

Chemistry camps nationwide offer interactive and hands-on activities that connect real-world situations with science. Some science camps are designed to make learning chemistry enjoyable, through…

Food chemistry is a division of food science that evaluates how foods are processed, prepared and distributed. The science is closely related to biochemistry in that its principles are based on…

Reflux facilitates chemical reactions that take a long time. Evaporation, condensation and solvent recycling form the basis of reflux setup. Reactions done through reflux can be done for an extended…

Far below our power of perception, there are incredibly tiny building blocks (atoms) that make up the real world. For centuries, we have been trying to understand exactly how these blocks are put…

Chemical equations are one way in which scientists explain with letters and numbers the molecular transformation of two or more substances that interact and undergo chemical change. This chemical…

Chemistry sets are a fun way to teach young children and teenagers about matter, energy and the reactions between them. You can purchase relatively inexpensive sets online, as well as in department…

Earth's atmosphere is composed of a mixture of gasses that obey the famous chemistry "Gas Laws." Some of these laws become matters of life and death when using a Self Contained Underwater Breathing…

Measuring quantities of a substance is important whether you are in the chemistry lab or in the kitchen. To properly measure these quantities, you need the right tools. In the chemistry lab, you must…

PhD students in chemistry go on to make important contributions to fields such as environmental science, medicine and green technology. Unfortunately, the process of gaining an advanced degree in…

While chemistry is an exact science, the teaching of chemistry often requires creativity and improvisation. To make chemistry concepts comprehensible to students, chemistry teachers must employ…

College tuition is a source of concern for many students, and finding funds to reduce that cost can be a challenge. Chemistry students have a number of scholarship opportunities. Many universities…

Molarity is the concentration of a chemical (solute) dissolved in a solvent such as water. Molarity is based on the number of molecules of solute, as opposed to the volume or weight ratio of the…

The hydrogen ion is the hydrogen atom with a charge. Most of the time, the hydrogen atom loses its single electron and in turn becomes positively charged. To identify the chemistry of hydrogen ions,…

Teaching chemistry to students can be somewhat challenging. The subject matter is some of the first hard science that many students will be exposed to, and it will require a lot of understanding for…

Plastic bags use less than 4 percent of the water needed to make paper bags, according to the American Chemistry Council. In 2006, more than 812 million pounds of plastic film and bags were recycled.…

Chemists frequently use rubber stoppers in their labs to plug flasks and test tubes. The purpose of these stoppers is to prevent liquids, and sometimes gases, from escaping their containers, as well…

Preservatives are used in pharmaceutical chemistry to prevent the growth of bacteria, mold and other microbes. They are used in the manufacture of pharmaceutical drugs and cosmetics, for their…

Students in college chemistry work to develop an understanding of the basic properties of chemistry and learn how these chemistry rules can be applied to real world situations. College chemistry…

Chemistry is the science of matter--how it behaves, what it is and how it forms. This study impacts all parts of everyday life, forming the basis for medicine, metallurgy, refining of petroleum…

Studying is the key to fully mastering any topic, and chemistry is no exception. If you know how to properly study and review your chemistry book, you will quickly learn and be able to apply the…

Simply put, chemistry is the study of matter and its composition and the examination of how it interacts with other matter to answer difficult questions and work out daunting problems. When it comes…

Much of the Earth is covered by snow, either permanently or seasonally. Falling snow acts as a filter, collecting atmospheric particles and chemicals. The physical chemistry of snow also sets up…

Whether for education or as a hobby, chemistry is an interesting area of science involving many specialty tools. Flasks are very important tools in chemistry and come in many shapes, sizes and…

There are three main types of chemical formulas: empirical formulas, molecular formulas and structural formulas. Which type of chemical formula you want to use depends on the situation. Empirical…

Many U.S. universities have high-powered chemistry faculty and research departments with rich academic and research histories. These departments educate undergraduates as well as graduate students…

Many students struggle with memorizing formulas in chemistry class. This task isn't easy, but it does not have to be so arduous. Spend some time helping your students memorize them so they have the…

Food chemistry is the study of what food is made of in its most basic components and how that makeup changes as food is prepared and cooked. This includes the study of nutrients in food, the study of…

Chemistry is the branch of natural science that studies matter and its composition. How matter reacts, how organic materials interact and how elements interact are all aspects of chemistry. New…

Organosulfur chemistry has several distinguishing characteristics. It occurs naturally in all life forms, leading to its presence in fossil fuels. Sulfur atoms may bond to form various functional…

Clinical chemistry is the science of using the chemical analysis of body fluids to obtain information regarding the clinical condition of the body. It also is called clinical biochemistry, chemical…

Despite the breadth of content physical chemistry covers, there are several central topics that help in navigating the subject. Statistical mechanics deals with approximations based on energy state…

If you want to learn chemistry but lack the time and money needed to take a class, it's possible to learn chemistry at home using helpful books and online resources. There are even online tutorials…

Appreciating nuclear chemistry requires accounting for particles emitted, exposure danger and practical application examples. The field is based on unstable nuclei radiating matter and energy. Three…

You've seen the daunting title in the course catalog, but what exactly is quantum chemistry? And how do scientists use quantum chemistry in their work? This article answers those questions by…

Teaching any Advanced Placement (AP) class can be a challenge, but none more so than AP chemistry due to broadness of scope and depth of coverage. Independent of funding, effective teaching roots in…

Scientific terms regularly become a part of our everyday vernacular as Americans. Whether it's plasma, magnetic fields, or even hydrogen fuel, Americans are intrigued and interested by the sciences.…

A buffer is used to keep an aqueous solution within certain range of pH. The pH value depends on the concentration of ions H+ and OH-. The buffer is an aqueous mixture of an acid and its conjugated…

College chemistry can be a very challenging course. Most students who take chemistry in college spend hours outside of class studying in an effort to get the best grade possible. However, if you are…

If you love chemistry and love teaching, you may want to consider being a chemistry tutor. Chemistry can be a hard subject for students to master, so chemistry tutors are often in demand. If you are…