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Discover the expert in you.
Calculating the pressure loss of water moving through plumbing pipes is significantly less involved then most pressure loss calculations. Plumbing systems work similarly enough that assumptions can be made about how they operate. Plumbing pipes transport liquid water through a smooth pipe at less than two meters per second. Since almost all plumbing pipes obey these simple guidelines, you do not have to deal with issues like unusual fluid properties, odd fluid flow or determining how bumpy the pipe is.
Pressure is a force exerted by fluids against surfaces. It is measured in units of force divided by units of area. Examples of pressure units are Pascals and pounds per square inch. Fluid can exert pressure in three ways. It can exert dynamic pressure by flowing. It can exert hydrostatic pressure when it is at rest. If you remove the dynamic and hydrostatic elements of pressure, you are left with static pressure. Hydrostatic pressure is therefore the pressure at a point in the fluid caused by the depth of that point in the fluid.
Hydrostatic water pressure is the pressure exerted by a column of water. The pressure is a function of the density of the water (or other liquid) and the height of the column of water. This pressure is not dependent on the volume of water and can be transferred to associated piping and equipment. In a water tank, the discharge pipe or conduit must be designed to withstand the hydrostatic water pressure. Pipe or conduit has certain pressure ratings based on the service. For instance, a 150 class pipe has a nominal pressure rating of 150 pounds per square inch (PSI)…
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) oversees the enforcement of National Primary Drinking Water regulations. The regulations seek to protect the public by establishing limits and treatment plans for levels of dangerous contaminants in drinking water. Although the EPA sets maximum contaminant level goals at a level below which there is no known health risk from exposure, it takes available treatment technology and costs into consideration when setting enforceable maximum contaminant levels (MCL). Learning how to calculate maximum contaminant concentration in water allows you to determine what level of contaminant the water can contain before posing a health risk to humans.
Titanium, whose name was derived from the word "titan," is a lustrous, durable, whitish silver metallic element, originally discovered by Wolliam Gregor in 1791. Because of its hardness, titanium is used in a wide range of commercial and industrial applications. However, there are several other metallic and non-metallic substances that are harder than titanium.
Erosion is the term for the constant reshaping of land by water. A river will change its route by wearing away the land until it finds the most direct path to the ocean, just as rain will eventually weaken a mountain and turn it into a hill. Coastal erosion is a form of this process caused by waves.
Without ions the human body wouldn't work. Ions are atoms that are either missing some electrons or have some extra electrons. Ions transmit signals within and between the cells of the human body. If an atom has extra electrons -- more than in its neutral configuration -- then it is a negative ion. The periodic table is the first tool that will help you calculate the charge on a negative ion.
Aquifers are bodies of water located underground. They may be enclosed within surrounding rock, which is called a confined aquifer, or exist within a layer of water-saturated gravel or sand, which is called an unconfined aquifer. Both kinds of aquifers are used for irrigation, industrial applications and consumption. Potable water is becoming a prized resource, as many aquifers around the world are shrinking from overuse as the global population increases. Aquifer replenishment is also dependent on a complex interaction of climate and weather patterns.
Children begin to learn about Earth science as early as first grade. Groundwater and drinking water are important concepts for them to understand as they age and learn to care for their environment. You can teach children about groundwater by allowing them to build their own groundwater aquifer system. This lesson works well in both classroom and home school settings. Scout troops can also use this demonstration to teach valuable lessons about our environment.
Aquifers hold vast stores of underground water. Communities around the globe depend on these important resources for their drinking water and irrigation water. While most represent renewable resources, the renewal rate is very slow. If these resources are going to survive as sources for much-needed water, effective resource management is critically important.
Winter in cold climates can get tedious, especially for families and children. Staying in the house too much can contribute to "cabin fever" and restlessness. However, if you live in a snowy climate, building snow sculptures as a family can be a fun winter activity. Although basic snowmen are quick and easy, with a little planning, you can create more elaborate snow sculptures, such as a snow dragon, to guard your front yard.
Osmolarity is a measure of the concentration of a solute in a solution. Osmolarity is measured in osmoles of solute per liter, or Osm/L. The difference between osmolarity and molarity is that osmolarity is the measure of the moles of solute atoms as opposed to moles of solute as a whole. The idea of osmolarity arises because sometimes a solute dissociates in a solution. That is, the molecules can break apart into their component atoms.
Colligative properties are an interesting scientific phenomena which have a variety of applications both in the lab and in day-to-day life. When a city pours salt on winter roads to remove ice, for example, you are seeing a colligative property in action. There are several aspects of the physical behavior of substances which are colligative properties, including freezing point, boiling point and vapor pressure.
In meteorology, the study of weather, scientists consistently need to know how much water vapor is present in the atmosphere to make appropriate weather forecasts. One way to determine atmospheric water vapor quantity is by using precipitable water. Precipitable water is the measure of the depth of water that would result at the surface if all water vapor in a thin vertical column from the atmosphere instantly precipitated, falling to the surface as rain. All water vapor from the surface to the 300 millibar level in the atmosphere is considered precipitable water.
Shale and slate are two very similar types of stones found naturally along split bedding lines. The difference between these rocks can be difficult to pinpoint by looking at the stones. Slate is a more pressurized version of shale and, therefore, a little more durable. Shale is crumbly and usually breaks apart with the slightest amount of pressure. Because slate requires more pressure to break than the shale, it is used in landscaping and home projects as walkways.
Groundwater aquifers are essentially underground freshwater lakes, trapped there by silt, sand or bedrock. They are usually replenished naturally by water that falls to the earth as precipitation and then filters through the rock. This water is usually tapped by wells or comes up naturally through the earth in the form of springs. It is economically vital because it's necessary for irrigation, which makes replenishing aquifers of paramount importance.
Osmosis is the name for the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane when the process is driven by a change in solute concentration either inside or outside of a cell. This passage of water can be from a higher concentration to a lower concentration or vice versa. All cells allow water to pass across their membranes, but in the case of osmosis the flow is determined by the relative concentration of solute molecules on either side of the cell membrane.
An aquifer, or groundwater, is an underground body of porous and water-permeable rock, often comprising sandstone, unconsolidated sand and gravel, volcanic rocks, conglomerate and fractured limestone. An aquifer, which has a water table as its top margin, is filled with moving water. The amount of water in the aquifer will vary depending upon the season, how much water is entering it and how much is leaving. Wells can be made by drilling into aquifers. Water is naturally filtered as it travels through the rock. Aquifers can be significantly impacted by heavy floods.
Assume you weigh 130 pounds. Now imagine a 1-inch-square wooden cube. What would happen if you placed the cube on the floor and stood on top of the cube? As long as you could keep your balance, you would be exerting a pressure of 130 pounds per square inch (psi) on the floor directly underneath the cube. Scientists use the unit psi as well as the unit ksi (kilopounds per square inch) to express pressure. Converting from ksi to psi is much easier than balancing on a 1-inch-square cube.
Packing and preserving lemons in a decorative glass jar makes a charmingly distinct ornament for the kitchen. While you can decorate the interior of the jar by adding herbs or the outside of the jar by attaching embellishments, the lemons don't serve just an ornamental purpose. Preserved lemons are a classic seasoning for North African cuisine, used in salads and in a tajine, a North African stew-like dish prepared in a special cooking pot. Create a decorative jar of preserved lemons for yourself or as a gift.
According to the United States Geological Survey, most aquifers in the United States exist in five separate categories. An aquifer is a source of underground water. It may exist as a large open pool or in the areas between pieces of rock or even within some porous rocks that absorb water like a sponge. These aquifers provide water for drinking, irrigation and many other important activities, making the size, location and composition very important.
Oil shale is a type of sedimentary rock that contains a significant amount of kerogen. It is a solid mixture of organic compounds from which oil can be extracted. These deposits are found in sediments from the Cambrian to Tertiary ages and are located throughout the world. While oil from shale deposits is more expensive to extract than liquid petroleum deposits, some shale deposits are being exploited due to the decline in traditional oil reserves in order to meet the need for global oil.
The Earth's atmosphere is divided into four primary layers, named the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere. The composition of the first three layers, collectively called the homosphere, is relatively uniform. These layers are comprised of roughly 78 percent nitrogen, 21 percent oxygen and one percent trace gases. However, the individual properties of the layers differ according to their altitude.
Geologic features such as the slope of a plane that are not true can appear shallower than meets the eye. To prove this you need to calculate the apparent dip of the plane that is oblique to its strike. The strike is the horizontal direction of the plane. This is done by using a section of the plane that is parallel to its strike. You will require the use of a diagram for the calculation.
According to BBC Weather, at any particular moment in time, approximately 2,000 thunderstorms are occurring in the earth's atmosphere. Storms are always accompanied by rainfall; increased wind speeds; and, in many cases, thunder and lightening. The larger, more intense storms can cause serious damage to properties and pose risks to human life through their associated effects.
In nature, groundwater aquifers serve as reservoirs for irrigation water and drinking water for millions of people worldwide. Hydro-geology and hydrology are sciences that study groundwater and the water cycle to better understand the ways that water moves into and out of groundwater aquifers and surface water systems. In addition to natural water flow, humans create wells tapping into groundwater resources. When you make a miniature aquifer, you will be able to observe the water table in it and see the water flow between the gravel grains when you tilt your aquifer.
Whether natural or manmade, aquifers contain porous materials, like gravel, sand and silt, that attract and hold groundwater. When they contain wells, they also provide drinking water. One way to show students how an aquifer works is to make a simple model in a bottle.
The saturation pressure of a vapor is also called the saturated vapor pressure and refers to an equilibrium condition. In a closed container, as vapor is generated through evaporation, pressure increases. Evaporation in a closed container will occur until the number of molecules leaving the liquid equals the number of molecules returning to the liquid. There is an associated pressure when this equilibrium occurs and that pressure is called the saturated vapor pressure. Every vapor has a vapor pressure at a particular temperature.
Density is mass over volume of a substance or compound. For instance, water at sea level is measured at 8.33 pounds per gallon where pounds are the mass units and gallon is the volume unit. Density is dependent upon temperature and as the temperature increases, density tends to decrease. The development of density curves based on temperature can be useful in chemical plant design.
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) is a term in chemistry which describes a certain type of material in a water sample. An analyst will take a water sample, filter it through a filter paper, dry this filter and weigh it out. Once she knows the volume of the original water sample, and the weight of the dry filter paper, she can calculate how many milligrams of total suspended solids were in the original sample per liter. The results of this test can alert authorities to certain issues with water sources. TSS is a common test for treated wastewater. The U.S. Environmental…
Boji stones are a type of concretion stone that are found in Colorado. Said to possess healing and chakra rejuvenating properties, they are a sedimentary rock, in which minerals have filled in their porous holes. Boji stones come in two complementary types, with a third variety embodying the properties of both and suitable for use alone.
Ions are atoms with extra electrons or lost electrons. An ion is the chemical element --- say sodium --- that becomes extra charged or less charged. If there is one less electron, the sodium atom is Na-, while if there is an extra electron, the sodium atom becomes Na+, rather than becoming a new element altogether. A negative ion, then, is a negatively charged, or less electron-filled, atom. Negative ions occur naturally in the environment, as well as through technological means.
The water table and an aquifer are terms used when discussing groundwater. The major difference between the two terms is that the water table references a specific portion of groundwater and an aquifer is all the groundwater present in the area.
Pounds per square inch and gigapascals are both measurements of pressure. Pounds per square inch, or PSI, is the Imperial and customary unit, and gigapascals, or GPa, is a metric unit based on the Pascal. Although psi is the familiar unit in the United States, most other countries and all scientists use the metric system so converting from psi to Pascals is sometimes necessary. The conversion is straightforward but a calculator is required.
Negative ions in the air can actually boost your alertness and mood, according to WebMD. Negative ions occur naturally in high altitudes and near large sources of water, like waterfalls or the open ocean. These odorless molecules enter the bloodstream with the oxygen you breathe, helping your body produce serotonin, a "feel good" chemical in your brain. If you want to see how many negative ions exist in your home, test the air with a negative ion tester. This way, you can make an informed decision about purchasing a negative ion generator.
The sediments that make up aquifers must be permeable and porous, allowing water to move through them. Water from an aquifer is generally extremely clean, as the fine sediments trap particles and bacteria, acting as a natural filter. The sediments that tend to make the best aquifers include sandstone, limestone, gravel and, in some cases, fractured volcanic rock.
The terms "groundwater" and "aquifer" can be confusing. In many instances, it seems as though they can be used interchangeably. This is because most human interaction with groundwater is in the context of aquifers. Put simply, an aquifer is an area of underground rock or sediment that contains enough groundwater to sustain a well or a natural spring.
For as long and people have been building boats, they have encountered problems with the materials used: wood rots and metal corrodes and fatigues. The widely acclaimed solution, as least for modern yachts and pleasure vessels, was the development of glass-reinforced plastic (GRP), sometimes also known as glass-fiber or fiberglass. However, it, too, has a drawback: It is susceptible to osmosis.
The terms "hypertonic" and "isotonic" refer to types of tonicity, which is a measure of the solute concentrations of on either side of a semipermeable membrane. They are most commonly used when describing the interactions between a living cell and the solution in which it is immersed. Hypertonic solutions have a greater solute concentration than the inside of the cell. Isotonic solutions have the same solute concentration as the cell. A third term, "hypotonic," refers to solutions which have a lesser solute concentration than the cell.
Flooding and erosion are two of the biggest issues for coastal residents. Flooding arises from a variety of causes, some of them interrelated. Erosion is a natural and ongoing cycle, but flood events often lead to sudden, destructive loss of dry land. Dealing effectively with these issues is a challenge for local governments, but ignoring the problem won't make it go away.
Geothermal resources are a form of heat energy that comes from deep beneath the earth's crust. Heat from the earth's molten layer rises through cracks in the earth's crust, releasing high concentrations of energy. Geothermal energy is a renewable source of energy that, if harnessed correctly, can be transformed into clean, reliable electricity.
A sphere is a three-dimensional object that is defined as the set of all points in three-dimensional space that are located a given distance --- called the radius --- from a common center point. A basketball is an example of a sphere. While there are equations to determine the total area of a sphere, in some situations you may want to determine the area of only a small segment of the sphere. This is possible through a series of short steps.
The effects of coastal erosion can be quite dramatic depending on the scale of the land loss. Coastal erosion refers to any area along the coastline where wind and water are removing land. Erosion is the primary force that shapes coastlines, and in conjunction with a rising sea level and occasional flooding, it can dramatically change the appearance of coastal areas. Many organizations and governments are taking steps to minimize the damage of coastal erosion.
An atom that has an equal number of protons and electrons is neither positive nor negative -- it has no net charge. If that atom gains or loses electrons, however, it may become a cation, an ion with a positive charge, or an anion, an ion with a negative charge. Chemists use a very simple notation to represent ions in chemical reactions. Although you may need to remember some common polyatomic ions, for the most part, you can figure out the symbols for ions just using the periodic table.
When an ionic compound dissolves, it separates into its constituent ions. Each of these ions becomes surrounded by solvent molecules, a process called solvation. Consequently, an ionic compound contributes more particles to a solution than does a molecular compound, which does not dissociate in this way. Osmolarity is useful for determining osmotic pressure.
Waves from the sea play an instrumental role in shaping the shorelines of the world. Over hundreds and thousands of years, they can transform sandy beaches into different forms. Because waves almost never crash on shore at a 90-degree angle, they toss and tumble grains of sand along the shore, moving the beach incrementally until the sand is deposited in another location.
When Alfred Nobel stabilized nitroglycerin in 1866 by mixing it with "kieselguhr," a lakeside sediment, his resulting patent for the mixture, which he called "dynamite," revolutionized the explosives industry. Explosives could now be handled and transported without great danger of inadvertent detonation. Engineers use the unit psi-msec, or pounds per square inch milliseconds, to measure the applied impulse of the explosion that results from dynamite, TNT or any explosive compound. You can easily convert this unit to its metric equivalent.
Total dissolved solids (TDS) refers to any compounds left in the water after normal treatment and filtration. Particles are filtered through a fine filter, usually to 0.45 microns, to remove the suspended solids. What remains in the water after filtration are typically charged atoms or molecules called ions. Usually these are ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium, although some organic salts may be present as well. Although water softeners are a common way to remove some TDS, reverse osmosis is a much more effective method of removing TDS from drinking water.
Science projects demonstrating the effect of osmosis can be conducted using an egg. Osmosis is the diffusion of a substance across a semipermeable membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. An egg is used to illustrate osmosis because the shell has numerous pores that act as a membrane, and when the shell is disintegrated, you can place the egg in different solute concentrations to observe the effects of osmosis.
During the warmer months of the year, you may walk outside in the morning to find that your vehicle's windshield is covered with water droplets, even though it did not rain the night before. The ground and plants also have a layer of moisture on them. This is caused by condensation, just as a glass of ice water collects moisture on a humid summer day.
The scientific term used for the pressure exerted on an object at depth by all types of fluid, including water, is fluid pressure. In order to find the water pressure at depth, you'll need calculate the current fluid pressure value. Fluid pressure can be calculated using this formula: Pressure = Atmosphere Pressure + (R x G x H). Where "R" is the density of the fluid, "G" is the acceleration of gravity on earth and "H" is the height of the fluid, in meters above the you. The density of sea water is 1.03 X 10^3 kg/m^3, the atmospheric pressure…
Kayaking is a sport than can be enjoyed both leisurely and competitively. Although kayaking is appropriate for people of all ages and activity levels, proper paddling form and technique are important. The most basic paddling skills to learn are forward, backward and turning. Prior to taking up kayaking, individuals should be educated on posture, safety and stroke techniques.
In thermal engineering, heat transfer deals with the transmission of heat from one physical system to another. When examining an object, the amount of thermal energy present in the object is directly related to the kinetic energy levels of its molecules. In other words, the faster molecules constituting an object move around, the higher the temperature of that object will be. However, in order to understand the way in which molecules in a specific state interact and transfer heat, it is important to understand the fundamentals of conduction, convection and radiation.
Lumber is often treated against insects and the damage associated with long exposure to moisture. The wood is placed it vats of preservatives and placed under pressure to force the preservatives deep inside. While the preservatives go several inches into the wood, they do not soak completely through. The resulting lumber will last much longer than untreated lumber, but if the wood is cut, the newly exposed surface will need further treatment to protect it from the environment.
Water pressure is typically a function of depth or rather the pressure drop of water as it is flowing through a section of pipe. However, water pressure can be calculated if you know the quantity or volume of water that is in a container. You can then use this information in addition to other measurements, such as the diameter and radius of the container, to calculate the water pressure.
Hydraulic fluid is a petroleum-based, water-based or synthetic oil that is used in a hydraulic activated system. It can be called a power transmission medium, since its main function is to transmit power to the mechanical elements through hydraulic lines. A hydraulic fluid that is contaminated by water becomes cloudy and loses its viscosity. Separating the water from the fluid is possible, but specialized professional equipment is needed. This is not a simple do-it-yourself process.
Gilson provides high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) systems worldwide for scientists in fields including biotech, food and beverage, pharmaceutical and environmental. The process of chromatography involves separating a chemical mixture into parts by moving the mixture along a material that does not move, such as paper or gelatin. In this way, the rate of movement can be caught and analyzed in the gelatin or paper. Gilson HPLC systems include detectors, injectors and pumps. Gilson HPLC products come with a one year warranty. Troubleshooting a Gilson HPLC product will save you time in service calls and help save money in repairs.
Pressure of a tank will vary depending on the type of liquid or gas in the tank and where in the tank you want to know the pressure. Typically, the calculation is at the bottom of a tank. To perform the calculation, you need to know the density of your liquid or gas and the height at which you are making the calculation in relation to the tank. The calculation requires the formula using 32.17 feet per second squared -- the acceleration from Earth's gravity.
Pressurized gas cylinders are used in many applications. In 1834, Emile Clapeyron developed the Ideal Gas Law, which describes changes in volume for a given amount of gas at different pressures or temperatures. The formula is pV=nRT, where p is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the amount of gas (usually measured in moles), R is the Regnault constant, or universal gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature. To compute the change in volume of a gas from 4,500 PSI to atmospheric pressure, or 14.7 PSI, we can reduce this equation to P1V1 = P2V2, or this…
Only two measurements are needed to measure water flow. Flow rate is a factor of the area of the pipe from which it is flowing, and the exit velocity of the fluid coming out of the pipe. Flow rate = Area x Velocity. If any two of these three factors are known, the other factor can be calculated. Finding the amount of water flowing through a given area in a given amount of time is helpful for engineers, farmers and scientists.
When measuring pressure in objects like car tires, it's often useful to know by how much it exceeds atmospheric pressure. This difference between absolute pressure and atmospheric pressure is called gauge pressure. Unlike absolute pressure, gauge pressure can actually be negative. Some instruments like tire pressure gauges automatically measure gauge pressure; others like manometers can be used to calculate gauge pressure using a few simple rules.
The bubble point is a temperature that varies from liquid to liquid. It is the point at which a small amount of the liquid can vaporize while the majority of the liquid stays as a liquid. Bubble points are calculated based on the temperature at which the first bubble formed will vaporize.
When you purchase a new or used filter for any aquarium it is important to decide whether it has an appropriate flow rate for the size of the tank it is to be used on. Although it is easy to do, the calculations use rather large multiplication numbers. In addition, the flow rate is an irrelevant number, even though it is placed on all filters, without doing the final calculation to see if it will turn over the water in the tank enough. The rate of turnover should be five to 10 times. For example, a 20 gallon an hour…
Simple, traditional ways preserve vegetables and other foods for storage. Some foods, such as vegetables, lend themselves to simple drying techniques, but more volatile foods, like meat, are better suited to other preservation methods such as smoking, salting or canning.
Snowmobiles are loads of fun for the whole family when they are running. If your snowmobile is not running properly -- or at all -- you may want to check the carburetor. It could be bad, frozen or clogged.
Pressure is a measure of force per unit area. At any given point in a fluid, pressure is exerted equally in all directions. If a fluid is not moving, the net force throughout the fluid must be 0, so the pressure also must be constant throughout the fluid, in which case the fluid is said to be in hydrostatic equilibrium. Pressure exerted by a fluid in equilibrium with gravity will vary with depth. The unit for pressure is the pascal, or one newton per square meter. Other units in common use are bars, atmospheres and psi, or pounds per square…
PSI -- pounds per square inch -- is a unit of pressure commonly used by the United Sates customary system. The international or metric system defines Pascal (Pa) as a main unit of pressure. Another unit such as an atmosphere (1 atmosphere = 101,325 Pa) is also frequently used. Use a calculator to convert PSI units to the metric system.
If you are rock hobbyist and interested in everything that has to do with the world of lapidary, you will want to invest in a quality rock saw. Most of the rocks you find will need to be sawed in half to bring out their inner beauty. When you are purchasing a rock saw, there are a few rules of thumb that you'll need to keep in mind so that you end up with a saw that will serve you for years to come.
Expansion joints are designed to absorb the heat-induced expansion, contraction and vibrations of a variety of materials, or to accommodate movement caused by ground settlement and earthquakes. They're commonly used to provide flexibility to pipes that have to withstand extreme temperatures, pressure and materials. In industrial applications, you'll find different types of expansion joints. Each type has a variety of designs depending on the flexibility required.
Propane tanks contain a flammable material under pressure. While this does mean that an explosion is possible, propane tanks are hardy, well tested and have safety precautions set into them to prevent explosions. This makes propane explosions very rare.
Sea water contains at least 72 different chemical elements. Scientists, however, still don't completely understand all of its contents, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. Water is amazingly complex. It is one of the few substances that exists in all three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. Sea water, also called saltwater or ocean water, is made up of different elements and gases.
Homemade lapidary saws are used by mineral collectors to cut rocks. The type of saw blade and accessories you need depends on the hardness of the mineral you want to cut. Diamond blades are popular because they will cut any material.
Solutions can be measured by weight, volume or a combination of the two, but the most common is weight per volume. Unless instructions specify otherwise, you can usually assume that a 20 percent sugar solution means 20g of sugar, a measurement of weight, for every 100 milliliters of water, a measure of volume, especially if you're mixing the solution for use in biology or physiology. If you're unsure whether the liquid should be water or whether you should measure it by weight rather than volume, ask whoever requested the solution to be sure.
The pressure maintained inside a garden hose forces water to exit through the spray nozzle at a given rate. The flow rate also depends on the shape of the hose nozzle. The amount of water flowing out of a spray nozzle in gallons per minute is known as a fluid flow rate. Scientists and engineers use flow rate to quantify the motion of fluids through pipes and hoses of various shapes and sizes. Spray nozzles have different flow rates, so you can compare them to each other to achieve efficient watering results.
HPLC stands for high performance liquid chromatography. The basics of HPLC are that a solvent is forced through a chromatography column at high pressure. As different compounds move through the column, they are separated by their size and polarity. The pump is very important to the system, as it is used to produce the high pressure needed to force the solvent through the column. A faulty or broken pump can cause all sorts of problems with the HPLC.
Pneumatics is the study and use of compressed gases, in particular as a source of power. It has many uses, including construction equipment such as pneumatic drills or in large sewing machines. There are several physical factors that are the underpinning principles of pneumatics.
Water in an oil-based hydraulic pump makes it significantly less effective. This is because the pump relies on pressurized oil to function; if there is water in it, the oil's pressure is reduced and the pump does not work as well. There are two different ways to get water out of your pump, depending on how much water is in it: by using filters (for small amounts) or distilling (for large amounts).
There are many water experiments appropriate for children in the third grade. Most require only a few supplies and some basic math calculations that can be executed by the teacher. It is important to decide which aspect of water you are going to teach so experiments can be chosen to enhance the planned lesson. Using charts and other visual aids to represent calculations and estimations can help students understand the material.
The term sterile water actually means two different things. Many people equate sterile water as drinking water, and you can make drinking water by merely boiling water in an open pot, using a filtration device to remove harmful bacteria or adding in some type of chemical. All of these methods will turn contaminated water into perfectly fine drinking water. But for scientific research that requires truly sterile water, there is only one accepted way.
Atmospheric density (as distinct from atmospheric pressure) decreases with increasing altitude. This is because of the accompanying reduction in pressure caused by the reducing mass of air as altitude increases.
When designing a plumbing system, it is important to consider the pipes' linear flow rate, volumetric flow rate and mass flow rate. The linear flow rate is simply the speed at which water flows through a pipe. The volumetric flow rate measures the volume of water flowing through the pipe each second, while the mass flow rate expresses the mass of that water. The linear flow rate depends on many factors, such as the angle of the pipe and the pressure in the system. The other two rates depend on the linear flow rate and the size of the pipe.
Convection causes hot air and water molecules to rise and expand, forcing denser, cooler air and water molecules to sink. Upon sinking to the warmer surface, the cooler molecules reheat and rise, continuing the circular convection process of heat transference.
The key difference between water pressure and air pressure is that one is made up of water and the other is made up of air. Both air pressure and water pressure are based on and follow the same physical principals.
How fast water flows through a tube is called velocity. How much water volume flows through in a given amount of time is called the flow rate. You can measure both of these, and calculate one from the other if you also know the size of the tube.
Distillation is a process that separates liquids in a mixture based on differences in their boiling points. Mixtures called azeotropes, however, cannot be separated by simple distillation and hence require other techniques.
Float valves regulate liquid entering and exiting a tank while floating on the liquid. Most commonly, they are used to maintain a constant level of water within a device. The types of float valves available range from small portable designs to large models.
Water can cool objects in different ways. First, if a hot object is immersed in cooler water, heat will transfer through conduction and convection. This process removes heat energy from the object, imparts it to the water and moves this warm water away from the object. The cooling effect is described by Newton's Law of Cooling. In addition, water cools an object by evaporating. In evaporation, water changes in phase from a liquid to a gas, absorbing heat energy and carrying it away, cooling the object. This cooling effect can be calculated per mass of water evaporated.
Shale is a sedimentary rock--that is, rock formed over vast spans of time by the compression of sediments under water in a process known as "compaction." Because calm conditions are required to permit the sediments to settle and accumulate undisturbed, sedimentary rock invariably forms on the bottoms of oceans, lakes or swamps.
Volts and amps are units used to measure properties of electricity. Amperes (or amps) are the amount of electricity flowing through a wire. Voltage is the pressure---the amount of electricity in relation to the capacity of the wire.
Thanks to water's powerful solvent capabilities, a wide range of elements dissolve into their ionic forms within the world's oceans. Along with water, chloride, sodium, sulfate, magnesium, calcium, potassium and bicarbonate ions constitute approximately 90 percent of seawater. These ions combined endow ocean water with their salinity, which on average is approximately 3.7 percent, and share responsibility in creating some of seawater's most vital properties: a lower freezing point, higher boiling point, slower evaporation and increased osmotic pressure with increasing salinity.
Hydrogeologists calculate average linear groundwater flow velocity to determine how fast the water is moving beneath the land surface. Scientists conduct hydrogeologic evaluations to gather the data necessary to perform the calculation. The speed of the groundwater depends on the characteristics of the soil beneath the surface and the water table's gradient. Therefore, the average linear groundwater flow velocity may vary greatly across a region. Knowing the groundwater velocity of an unconfined aquifer in an area helps geologists to design water supply and contaminant remediation systems.
Saturated water vapor pressure is the measure of the amount of evaporated water inside a closed vessel that contains liquid water and air. Inside the vessel, the number of water molecules evaporating is equal to the number of water molecules condensing back into the liquid. The Antoine equation governs the measure of water vapor pressure. The equation was is a relationship chemists derived from experimental data. The expression relates the pressure of water vapor to its temperature in terms of three constants (A, B and C) that are valid for a given temperature range.
Exploding water heaters, water pipes or hot water tanks are often relegated to stories, but they have a basis in fact. There is a danger that water heaters could suffer from too much pressure due to a system malfunction and rupture or explode, damaging nearby areas with scalding water and sometimes even metal shards of the tank. This explosion is caused by a chemical effect known as thermal expansion.
If the concentration of dissolved substances in water is different on either side of a semi-permeable membrane, the water tends to diffuse across until the concentration is equal on both sides. This natural process is called osmosis and plays an important role in many phenomena in biology. Reverse osmosis is a method of filtering water that works in reverse of normal osmosis.
Snow forts typically do not have roofs covering them; however, a roof made of densely compacted snow is possible. The key factor to making a snow roof that will not collapse is to have moist snow that will pack tightly together. Building a roof for a smaller fort is easier to accomplish because less surface area needs to be covered. With plenty of good packing snow and some shovels, a snow roof can help protect you from all those flying snowballs.
It is necessary to know how to find the pressure of water, especially water flowing through household systems, in order to keep home plumbing, appliances and other water-connected systems (such as pool pumps) free from excess pressure stress, which prematurely ages these systems. Maintaining correct water pressure, which is generally considered by plumbing professionals as 45 to 65 pounds per inch (psi), also conserves water and saves money, as wasted water adds up over the course of a month to an unnecessarily inflated water bill.
Reverse osmosis is a process by which water can be purified. This process, first used in the 1950s to provide drinking water for the U.S. Navy, removes solids from the water. Precautions must be taken to avoid problems when performing reverse osmosis; there is a risk that the water will become more contaminated instead of less.
Ocean waves are always eroding coastlines to some extent: shifting beaches, molding seastacks and cliffs, dragging stones and sand and driftwood. But they can accomplish the most dramatic work when compelled by storms. The shape of a shore can change overnight in the face of a big disturbance like a hurricane.
Dewpoint is the temperature at which air forms dew at a particular pressure. The dew point is also connected to the relative humidity--a high relative humidity indicates that the dew point is close to the current air temperature. For example, a humidity of 100 percent indicates that the due point is equal to the current air temperature because the air is maximally saturated with water. Dew point is important to airline pilots because it indicates the level of ice, which will build up on the aircraft, as well as the potential for fog and the height of the cloud base.
Water pressure is not directly a function of water tank volume, but, rather, of depth. For example, if 1,000,000 gallons of water were spread out so thin as to be only 1 inch deep at any point, it wouldn't have much pressure at all. If the same volume were poured into a column with sides measuring 1 foot wide, the pressure at the bottom would be ten times greater than at the bottom of the ocean. If some lateral measurement of the tank were known in addition to the volume, then you would be able calculate the water pressure at…
Water will move across a membrane, a process known as osmosis. Find which direction the water will cross the membrane by determining the osmolarity of the solutions on either side of the membrane. According to Larry McGanhey of the College of St. Scholastica, osmolarity comes from the product of the molarity of the solution and the number of particles that result from dissolving that solution with water, known as dissociation. Find the osmolarity of two solutions to determine the direction the water will flow, as water moves across a membrane into an area with a greater osmolarity.
Quartzite is a metamorphic rock, formed when its parent rock, sandstone, is buried then heated and/or compressed. Sandstone is a sedimentary rock, formed from weathered or eroded remains of other rocks. Those rocks can be metamorphic, sedimentary, or igneous (igneous rocks are formed when magma, or molten rock, cools, either inside the earth or on the surface). To understand why quartzite is harder than sandstone, it helps to understand a bit about the rock cycle.
The flow rate is the rate at which a liquid moves through a channel, such as water moving through a faucet. Flow can be smooth or rough, fast or slow, depending on the characteristics of the channel and liquid. Liquids flow due to gravity and pressure, and this flow rate can be measured using a formula. Knowing the flow rate of a liquid is important for things such as creating irrigation systems, sprinkler systems and choosing a pipe size.
Japanese water stones have gained wide popularity with woodworkers. These soft sharpening stones can quickly put a mirror finish on edged tools. Unlike Arkansas or corundum oiled stones traditionally used in American shops, Japanese stones must be soaked in water prior to use and kept wet while in service. Since they are softer than their western counterparts, they cup or crown along the sharpening axis quickly. This surface deformation can damage blades and must be removed with a flattening stone.
Teva sandals are best-suited for water activities and warm weather. They are specially made to be waterproof and provide traction when walking on slippery surfaces. Teva sandals are both practical and fashionable. These sandals are generally well-made, but occasionally the top sole of the sandal will come apart from the bottom sole of the sandal. The soles can be reattached using an adhesive substance that is both durable and will still be flexible once it dries.
Water pressure is a fundamental force of nature that has some unintuitive properties. Because water is very different from air, it behaves in a different manner. Water pressure is not only responsible for shaping natural land formations, but its effects can be seen in day-to-day lives with pipe systems throughout homes and buildings.
Pressure washing allows a user to apply a strong force of water pressure to a surface in order to get it clean. A pressure washer is commonly used on outdoor surfaces, such as the exterior of a building or on a sidewalk. There are a number of benefits to this type of cleaning.
Differential manometers measure atmospheric pressure. Most manometers are u-shaped glass tubes with open ends on each side. Each leg is filled about halfway up with liquid, usually water or mercury.
Most plants and animals decompose or are eaten quickly after they die. Under certain situations, primarily when animals die in or near water, only the soft tissues decompose, leaving the shells, bones, and/or teeth to become fossils.
Frolicking across a snow-covered landscape on a winter afternoon is an exhilarating activity. Bouncing over snowy hills gets the adrenaline pumping and the blood circulating, even in the coldest temperatures. After all of the snowmobiling is done, though, the cleanup must begin. Whether storing a snowmobile after winter yields to spring, or simply cleaning it off until the next outing, removing dirt and grime from the engine is very important. Keep your snowmobile clean and ready for your next trip.
Accurately measuring the flow of water through various parts of an irrigation system is vitally important for any medium- to large-scale agricultural project. Water is becoming a scarce resource in many parts of the world so using it sparingly is as important as giving your crops or livestock the water they need to grow. It's a delicate balancing act that requires proper measurement of water flow through both horizontal and vertical pipes of various diameters.
Water pressure is often measured in "bars" or "atmospheres" in open water. A "bar" equals 100 kilopascals, or 14.5 pounds per square foot. An "atmosphere" represents the pressure exerted by the weight of the Earth's atmosphere at sea level, about 14.7 pounds per square foot. As you go farther underwater, pressures increase at about 1 atmosphere per 33.3 ft. of depth. Converting water pressure to pounds per square foot may be a two-step process where you first calculate the water pressure based on depth, then convert depth to pounds per square foot.
Pressure is defined as the force with which the liquid contained in a tank presses on a unit area of the wall. The air pressure on the outside of the tank presses inward on the sidewall. Inside the tank, the air pressure presses down on the liquid. These two air pressures cancel, if the air inside isn't pressurized. This leaves only the pressure from the liquid's weight to be calculated. The pressure is a function of the depth only and independent of container shape. The relevant equations are force=mass*g and pressure=force/area=mass*g/area=density*g*height, where g is the gravitational acceleration constant.
A volt is has been the common term of measurement of electric potential under the International System of Units for more than 100 years. Commonly used and commonly misunderstood, voltage is not a measure of electricity but rather a quantification of available force to move electricity.
Water runs downhill. This is the basis for how the height of water towers provides pressure to your tap water. In ancient times, this was the basis for how fountains worked without motors. Each foot of height of a water tower provides 0.43 pounds per square inch (PSI).
Water pressure is reckoned in pascals or kilopascals (Kpa), pounds per square inch or bars. Pascals are the international standard (SI) unit of measurement for water pressure. Pounds per square inch is a common measurement in many English-speaking countries. Divers and undersea explorers use "atmospheres," abbreviated "atm," to express water pressure based on the air pressure at the surface: 14.7 pounds per square inch (PSI) = 1 atmosphere.
Pressure in the column of a fluid such as water is generated due to the gravity force. Calculation of that pressure has numerous applications, for example in meteorology or in the design of water supply systems. Remarkably, that the fluid pressure in the vertical column does depend only on the column height (length) but is not the function of the volume of water. Another factor is the water density that fluctuates with temperature. The water density at different temperatures is tabulated. Overall, this pressure is calculated as the product of the height, density and the standard acceleration of gravity.
A key element in understanding how the Hoover Dam was built is to understand how the dam's engineering works. The dam is an arch-gravity design, combining the virtues of the arch-style and the gravity-style dam. The arch shape causes the water pressure to compress the dam and push it down, giving it greater strength. The curve also directs some water pressure away from the dam to the rock and earth banks around it. Gravity dams, on the other hand, use sheer size and weight to resist water pressure. The arch-gravity dam uses aspects of the arch design to somewhat reduce…
Water in water coolers is kept cold in the exact way as nearly all refrigerators and air conditioners--through the use of a heat pump. A heat pump moves a liquid, called refrigerant, through a closed loop of tube to move heat out of the water, thereby cooling it. Heat pumps usually are powered by a centrifugal pump called the compressor, which is a fast-spinning turbine that sucks refrigerant in and propels it into the condenser.
As you sink deeper and deeper into a body of water, the amount of water pressing down on you increases. The lower you sink, the more pressure you experience. This relationship between pressure and depth is what makes calculating water depth possible. In fact, the pressure at depth and the pressure on the surface is proportional to the depth by a factor equal to the specific weight of the water. To solve for water depth, you need to know the barometric pressure, the pressure at depth and the specific gravity of water.
The pressure of any liquid is defined as force per a unit of area perpendicular to a plane. This can be measured in units such as pounds per square inch (psi). Water pressure is how much force the water exerts on a surface per area when the water hits that surface perpendicularly.
What many poor people, backcountry hikers, and those living in remote areas have in common are a reliance on untreated, local sources of water that may be contaminated, and must be purified before it can be safely consumed. There are two basic approaches to water purification: using a reverse osmosis filter, or a tag team of two methods working together to eliminate two separate contaminants.
Humanity has long depended on groundwater, both for sustaining life and for agriculture. Cities, towns and settlements are often founded near a reliable and clean source of groundwater. Perhaps the most interesting of groundwater sources is the spring or seep, in which pressurized groundwater emerges in a steady flow. A spring may be either ephemeral or perennial, which is to say temporary or continuous, but all springs are the result of an underground water source known as an aquifer.
Starting a fire can sometimes be difficult without matches. The image that most people get is the hiker using a bow drill but a fire syringe is much faster and easier to use. These are rising in popularity and can be used with a variety of materials repeatedly. Working a fire piston (or fire syringe) is a simple process that you can use to amaze friends or to demonstrate science principles for friends and family.
Tonicity refers to the amount of osmotic pressure on a membrane. Hypertonic and hypotonic both refer to the state where there is more osmotic pressure on one side of the membrane than the other. Isotonic refers to a state where there is equal pressure on each side of a membrane.
Air pressure is defined by Webster's dictionary as the weight of air calculated by the force exerted per unit area. Although this formula is probably foreign to most people, the uses for air pressure are not. Air pressure is used to blow up tires, pump spray cans and fill gas tanks. It helps sustain the diverse tastes of humanity, and is an essential part of modern life.
The best way to minimize damage from an oil spill is to contain it and then suck it up into storage tanks. Unfortunately, some spills can't be contained. When an oil spill occurs somewhere where it can't be safely surrounded and isolated, you have to chose the best option to minimize the damage it does to the local environment. Use chemicals or microorganisms to disperse it or break it down, or simply leave it there, counting on natural processes to eventually break it down and dissolve it.
Surprise an audience or group of friends, by making a water drop sound. Watch the shock on their faces, when they discovered it's a sound affect. When a droplet falls onto a liquid surface, the resulting sound is actually the motion of moving bubbles under the liquid's surface. Amaze friends by recreating a realistic water drop sound effect without any liquids at all.
Often when on a hunting trip, having a place or area to hide away from the wildlife is ideal. Duck blinds have been used for centuries as a concealed shoot-box. Building an effective duck blind doesn't have to cost hundreds of dollars and take months to assemble. With a little skill and patience, this project can be put together in a weekend.
