Science

The vertebral column, also referred to as the spine or spinal column, is essential to the form and function of the human body. It physically supports the body and protects other parts of the body...

Mercury is the densest liquid at standard conditions for temperature and pressure (STP). Also called quicksilver, mercury has been known for more than 3,500 years. It is an important metal in...

Root hair cells occur in the outermost layer of a plant's roots, generally toward the bottom tips of the root. These hair-like protrusions have very thin walls and jut out into the soil in order...

When you decide to observe natural phenomena in detail, a good starting point is keeping a field book. The most commonly used system for keeping field books is naturalist Joseph Grinnell's....

Although digital two-way radios may be more expensive and harder to learn to operate, they have several technical advantages over analog radios that may make them worth the additional price.

Ice melts faster in water than in soda. This is because soda has sodium (salt) in it, and adding sodium makes ice melt more slowly than it will in plain water. In order for ice to melt, the...

Permanent magnets can weaken with time. If they're subjected to mechanical shock, stored improperly with other magnets, or exposed to extreme heat, the magnetic field will weaken. Some magnets can...

Over the past century the marine environment has experienced significant changes in sea levels, water temperature, salinity, and pH levels. The observed decrease in pH levels is impacting...

On the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, infrared light is between radio waves and visible light. Infrared light is invisible light that consists largely of thermal radiation. One of the main...

Temperature can affect the amount of electricity produced by a wind generator or wind turbine in several ways. Depending on the temperature, efficiency of the turbine can either be decreased on...

Stem cell research is a relatively young technology that involves the use of primitive cells for therapeutic purposes. Stem cell research is generally divided into two categories: adult stem cell...

Frequency is used to describe oscillatory motion. It describes the time it takes for a motion to repeat itself. It is measured in hertz, which is one oscillation per second. The frequency of the...

Frequency describes the time it takes for the motion of an object to repeat itself. Its units are in hertz, which is defined as one oscillation per second. A radian is a unit used to indicate the...

The vertebral column is another name for the backbone. It performs many vital functions in the body and has a large impact on our lives. A healthy spinal column is vital to an active and enjoyable...

Holographic images can be a lot of fun to make and even more fun to look at. Using readily available holography kits that contain lasers, holographic plates and processing chemicals, you can make...

Frequency is a way to describe oscillatory motion, such as that by a particle or wave. It describes the time it takes for a motion to repeat itself. It is measured in hertz, which is one...

The binocular dissecting microscope, also known as a stereo microscope, is commonly used in classrooms to view dissected specimens (as its name implies). Specimens considered too large to view...

DNA profiling is a component of forensic science that identifies individuals based on their DNA profile. First applied by Sir Alec Jeffreys in 1984, DNA fingerprinting has become a important...

Wind generators can have two or three blades and can produce from 100 kilowatts up to several megawatts of power. They can be single units or placed in large groups to form a power plant to serve...

Atoms unite to form molecules by means of available electrons. Bonds can form by electron transfer or by electron sharing. Many chemical bonds are intermediate between those two. Elements combine...

Most inductors are wire coiled around a cardboard core. Knowing the coil diameter, wire diameter and number wire coils (turns), inductance can be calculated. Knowing this value (in Henrys) allows...

Silicone is a water-resistant and chemically durable material used in a wide variety of applications. The basis of silicone's utility lies in its chemical structure and the way it is created.

You can use light emitting diodes (LED) in many applications to provide status lights and illumination. LEDs are true diodes, meaning that they will only conduct electricity in one direction. LEDs...

Meteorologists employ a diverse assortment of instruments to observe weather conditions. These instruments allow a meteorologist to forecast the weather by relaying information to them about many...

A Zener diode is a diode designed to operate in the breakdown region. Normal diodes will become destroyed, but a Zener will conduct. It may be used for voltage regulation. To check one, use a...

Agarose gels and acrylamide gels are used in biotechnology laboratories for a process called electrophoresis, which is used to separate molecules of different sizes. Electrophoresis is used for...

Moonlight differs from sunlight in many ways, primarily in that moonlight is actually reflected sunlight that bounces off the moon in the direction of the Earth. Changes in the power density of...

Convection refers to the transfer of heat via a moving substance, such as air or water. Convection currents are the manifestation of those movements.

A light-year, which is abbreviated ly, is a measure of distance based on how far light travels in a year. It equals about 5.9 trillion miles or 9.5 trillion kilometers.

The ears are necessary for hearing and for the process of converting sound into electrochemical information that the brain can use to code the information. There are several parts to the ears that...

Water pressure is often measured in "bars" or "atmospheres" in open water. A "bar" equals 100 kilopascals, or 14.5 pounds per square foot. An "atmosphere" represents the pressure exerted by the...

Creating a science research project introduction will help you to communicate your scientific ideas to a larger community. Even if you plan to verbally introduce your project at a fair, to a boss,...

One of the things that people can debate is whether or not air has mass. The logic is that since it's invisible, then it can't have mass. This is a false statement. Air does indeed have mass and...

This is how to make meal powder, something found in a lot of fireworks. Try to keep this away from your testicles. I learned that the hard way. You cannot mix them all together and expect a big...

Genetics is the study of heredity, evolution and all life forms. Every human has similar characteristics, such as eyes, legs and hair. Genes are the instruction which make us all different. ...

Flowers are the means of sexual reproduction in angiosperms, those plants that produce seeds within an ovary. Flowers can contain male or female sex organs, or both. Depending on the species,...

Hydrocarbons are a class of organic compounds. The compounds must be composed of just carbon and hydrogen to be considered a hydrocarbon. These compounds are generally hydrophobic and absorb very...

Hurricanes are tropical cyclones. West of the International Date Line, the storms are known as typhoons. They are called cyclones in Australia and India. Heat causes the condensation of ocean...

You can make an electric doorbell as a science project. This project will demonstrate the concept of magnetic suction. Your doorbell works when an iron rod is sucked through a coil of copper wire...

A quantum is a small and exact amount of energy. Each photon contains a quantum of energy. An atom can only experience a transition through absorption of a particular frequency photon. This is the...

Infrared thermometers (temperature laser guns) give you a means to take the temperature of objects that are too difficult or dangerous to access otherwise, by using an infrared beam to collect the...

Helium is the sole unreactive gas used in modern airships. One could claim that nitrogen and argon, being the most common unreactive gases in the atmosphere, and therefore present in the air...

Dividing the process of respiration into two categories, internal and external respiration, can help clarify some of the complexities of this biologically important process. Together, the...

Chlorophyll, the main photosynthetic pigment in green plants, does more than give plants their green color; it also absorbs light, which allows plants to convert solar energy into chemical energy...

Hachure marks are defined as multiple crossing lines that create a shaded definition on either maps or drawings. In topography, they are used to define surface relief. They are also known as "tick...

The abbreviation pH represents a logarithmic scale that refers to the solution acidity. Neutral media has pH 7. Acidic solutions are signified with pH below 7, while basic solutions have pH above...

The material we call steel is in fact an alloy, a mixture of different metals. The element iron (symbol Fe) makes up a large percentage of all steels, generally composing more than 75 percent of...

The public once viewed the non-stick skillet coating known as Teflon as a godsend to the modern kitchen. It bears the chemical name polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Teflon surfaces are remarkably...

Hydro-electric power plants not only provide clean energy, they also conserve water and provide lakes for fishing, recreation and water sports. There are five major parts to a hydro-electric...

The chemical formula for glucose, C6H12O6, describes the composition of this sugar molecule; its structure and function require a more complex overview. Glucose, among other sugars, plays a vital...