Animals & Science

The structural levels of organization determine the different levels of development in the human body, specifically during their growth during pregnancy. The human body is organized from the...

You might not think humans have anything in common with fish, reptiles or birds. Yet all are vertebrates with immune systems that include white blood cells. Immune systems are developed best in...

Stem cells are a special type of cell that can transform, or differentiate, into many types of cells. Stem cell research is being actively pursued in order to understand basic scientific...

All living things are composed of cells. Animals are complex organisms made of an array of different types of cells. Animal cell research is an important area of biotechnology. Scientists use...

Stem cells are a beneficial topic of study because they have the potential to make major changes in several aspects of medicine. Learning about stem cells may teach us how to treat otherwise...

Laminin is a cell in our bodies with significant marveling characteristics that stump and awe the general public. It is a glycoprotein that connects tissues and aids in cell cohesion. The...

The skeleton is the central element in the skeletal system, which consists of all the bones and cartilage in the body as well as the tendons and ligaments that connect the bones.

A major and fundamental difference between animal cells and plant cells is that plant cells have a cell wall and animal cells do not. The cell wall is not to be confused with the cell membrane;...

Glucose is a tiny molecule of sugar. Glucose circulates in the blood and is used as energy for cellular reactions. Glucose is found in the diet in the form of carbohydrates. The larger...

Leukocytes are a group of immune cells that define macrophages, T cells and B cells. These cells comprise a group of immune cells called lymphocytes. Granulocytes also make up the group called...

Stem cells are a special category of cells that can give rise to other tissues of the body. Because of this ability, they are a powerful tool in medical research. Two types of stem cells occur...

Antigens are the proteins or polysaccharides presented on cells. Antigens are located on all cells including human cells and bacterial cells. Antibodies are the proteins created by B cells. They...

White blood cells are the body's protection against microbes and foreign invaders. There are several types of white blood cells, and each of them plays a specific role in detecting, attacking and...

Scientists estimate that cells first appeared on the earth over three billion years ago. For millions of years after their appearance, cells were the only living beings on the earth. The cell is...

When having blood tests done, a patient will receive a report from the doctor. The report lists several levels of cells and enzymes in the body. Liver enzymes, biomolecules, electrolytes and blood...

The circulatory system is the process in the human body where blood is cycled through blood vessels, the heart and the lungs. The circulatory keeps tissue in the body filled with oxygen, which is...

The cardiovascular system is responsible for bring oxygenated blood to tissue and eliminating metabolic waste and carbon dioxide. The cardiovascular system is controlled by the heart as it pumps...

Blood is made up of three parts: red cells, white cells and platelets. Red blood cells are responsible for the oxygen delivery from the lungs to the tissue in the body. White blood cells are a...

The circulatory system is the body's way of bringing oxygen and nutrients to cells. The circulatory system delivers nutrients and oxygen to cells through the blood. The metabolic waste from...

Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death. While the death of a single cell results in the death of the organism for single-celled organisms, multi-cellular organisms frequently benefit...

The skeletal system is responsible for protection of organs and support for movement. Without the skeleton, humans would be unable to move or support the body for upright posture. The skeletal...

Chemotherapy is a treatment consisting of drugs toxic to cancer cells. Cats, as well as dogs, generally tolerate this type of treatment better than humans. Though feline cancers are rarely cured,...

The respiratory system of the human body is responsible for providing oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange. The heart pumps blood to the lungs where bronchial tubes remove carbon dioxide from the...

All cells in the human body contain the DNA necessary for life. Cells that comprise certain tissue have different active genes than other tissue. For instance, liver tissue cells produce different...

Earthworms retreat from light. The worms you see above ground during storms have often come above ground as a result of flooding, not out of any fondness for being out and about in broad...

The liver is a vital organ that cleans the blood and metabolizes macromolecules like lipids, carbohydrates and proteins. All cells contain the same copy of DNA molecules. However, each tissue cell...

A chromatophore cell is a cell or a structure within the cell that bears pigments of color. They are found in most amphibians, fish, reptiles, crustaceans and cephalopods. The chameleon is one...

The challenge with liver cells is that they get lonely very fast, making them very temperamental when they're outside the body. "Liver cells have been notoriously finicky," MIT engineering...

The structure and function of the cell is imperative to all living organisms and either operates as a life form itself or combines with other cells to make a larger being. There are different...

Antibodies are proteins used by the immune system to ward off bacteria and viruses. Typically, they are manufactured and dispersed into the blood stream by plasma cells, which are also known as...

Peripheral blood is the flowing, circulating blood of the body. It is composed of erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes. These blood cells are suspended in blood plasma, through which the...

In genetics, to clone an organism is to make an exact copy of its DNA. Cloning is commonly done on small organisms, mostly plants, and on animals, such as the famous sheep called Dolly. The most...

An embryo is a developing pre-born or pre-hatched animal or person. A lot of scientists are involved in the study of embryos because of the potential for using embryonic stem cells to grow new...

Respiration is a process that takes place within cells that turns energy from nutrients found in food into molecules that are usable by cells. Oxygen may or may not be necessary for respiration...

A zygote is produced when an egg and sperm meet. Timing is what differentiates a zygote from an embryo.

The idea of microscopic cells is a hard thing to visualize, especially for young children. The use of physical models is a good way to allow such an abstract concept to become more concrete in the...