Windows

A WEP key for your Netopia router is just like the key to your front door. The door key allows you access to all the comforts of your home, but it prevents others from just stumbling in to do the...

The Sony PSP focuses on ease of use, with a comprehensive menu as well as a full range of keys and controls. Internal settings, such as though that govern sound quality, are easily accessible...

When you need to change the configuration or system functions of your Mac computer, you can log on to your computer and access System Administrator on an Apple running OS X. You must log in as the...

A holder of administrative rights in Windows XP has unrestricted access to the operating system's full menu of features. The administrator can create or delete user accounts, create or delete...

If your company uses a network, you must have control over that network to prevent major problems or crashing. Just one computer or some small part of your network becoming infected can affect...

Windows Search is an indexing program created by Microsoft that is designed to aid computer users in locating files on the computer more easily. It acts as a search engine for your computer where...

Microsoft Windows XP comes with a built-in toolbar known as the "Taskbar." This toolbar is the access point for numerous computer features (such as the Windows Start menu and icon notification...

Active X is an integral part of Internet Explorer programs and must be running to have optimal use of your Internet. Sometimes these controls can be shut off and hinder normal computer operation....

Active X is an integral part of Internet Explorer programs and must be running to have optimal use of your Internet. Sometimes these controls can be shut off and hinder normal computer operation....

An easy way to start Trillian Instant Messenger on your command is by adding a window shortcut for Trillian on your desktop. This allows you to quickly open Trillian without having to visit the...

The Start menu is the area from which Windows lets you access your programs, computer settings and the Internet. With the addition of new programs to your computer, though, your Start menu can...

Microsoft networks use Windows server operating systems to authorize user access on the network. Regardless of the Windows version that you have, adding a Microsoft network user remains similar...

Windows XP can be set to make sure that any user on a particular computer has local administrator rights. This way, all the users can access everything that lays physically on the local computer....

aluminum windows

Creating a website is a complex process and there are many factors you must consider. Perhaps the most important aspect (especially if the website is business related and you are trying to attract...

If you don't spend a whole lot of time in the basement, it might be easy to ignore the windows down there. But it's those same windows that are keeping harsh weather and pests out, while keeping...

If you have a bay window and you want to make it look fancier or more interesting and eye-catching, there's no better way to achieve the look you want than to install crown molding.

Red Wing has been selling boots since 1905. The company has a wide array of boots, including the Irish Setter brand. The Mountain Claw XT boot is an investment in your comfort and safety. When...

The Microsoft Windows 98 operating system offers an excellent safeguard for users having problems booting their computer. Windows 98 allows you to create a boot disc for your computer during...

In order to boot from a CD, you must have a bootable CD. A bootable CD is most typically the operating system disc that allows for repairs or re-installation of the system. Other boot CDs consist...

If you're "dual booting" on your computer, that means that you have two operating systems installed on the same hard drive. This can be done with two different versions of an operating system like...

Tired of the same old red and white flannel Christmas stocking hanging above the fireplace? Get back to basics with a stocking that'll remind Santa just who built this country.

If you need to bring your computer back to its factory new condition, a restore CD can be the best way to accomplish that goal. If you have the restore CD that came with your computer, you will be...

Although Windows 2000 is several upgrades shy of the most current operating system release from Microsoft, you can still run most of your daily programs on a computer using Windows 2000. If you...

Multiple operating systems can be installed on one computer and can be booted from the Startup menu. Such a configuration is called a "Dual Boot" system. However, a computer user may wish to keep...

Dual boot is a function that allows you to install multiple operating systems on the one hard drive. This is done by partitioning your hard drive into individual sections, creating separate...

A leftover from the days of computers running on floppy disks are startup disks made on a floppy disk. Today, floppy disks are almost unheard of in the computer community. It is just as important...

With Microsoft Points, you can purchase products and services from Microsoft and the company's affiliates. This service makes it easy to complete multiple online purchases or to give the points as...

Interactive theme camps are at the core of the Burning Man experience, and anyone coming to Burning Man may create a theme camp. Preparation and registration well in advance is an important...

Before compact discs (CDs) were produced, many people listened to music on cassette tapes. Cassette tapes were problematic because you could hear hissing and other background noise that sometimes...

If you need to install Windows onto your computer using a CD, you will need to make some settings in the BIOS for the computer. In the BIOS, there are settings that determine what drive to boot...

The Microsoft certification exams, a series of tests designed to confer 27 professional designations on network and software experts, are expensive and difficult. Many developers find although...

RYA Day Skipper Certification provides you with a solid basis for all of the essential aspects of sailing a boat during the day and in sight of land. Additionally, the certification allows you to...

The ability to use color to visually separate data is one feature that differentiates spreadsheets from databases. Because of most people's love of contrast, this method of separation is an...

Despite the number of customization options that Windows Vista offers, it has no built-in tool or function that allows you to easily change the icons that your drives use by default. You can...

Windows Vista lets its users customize the icons of every available program, including games. Whether you're changing the icon appearance of a game included on your PC or one installed separately,...

Correctly setting permissions for files on your Web server is important. After all, you don't want just anyone to navigate to your text file containing a list of your passwords. Learning to change...

Ubuntu is a free Linux operating system that offers security, stability and ease of use. Many users across the globe have switched to Ubuntu causing it to be the fastest growing version of Linux....

If you've forgotten your Windows XP password, don't worry. As long as you have your Windows XP CD, it's an easy fix. No matter your skill level, you can simply change your administrative password...

In a network, every computer has to have its own name for other computers to detect it, find it and connect to it. However, as time goes on and networks get bigger or smaller, or if the user of an...

Correctly setting permissions for files on your Web server is important. After all, you don't want just anyone to navigate to your text file containing a list of your passwords. Learning to change...

Changing the listening port for your remote desktop is useful, especially if you are getting to the remote desktop from behind a firewall. Most public Internet stations only allow listening ports...

People have so many passwords today for everything, from their favorite websites to their home and office computers. With so many passwords, it's often difficult to keep up with and remember them...

Windows XP is one of the world's premier operating systems, accounting for a vast majority of personal computers, as well as business machines. It is powerful and provides an incredible number of...

Many times, a computer user will download software thinking it is a valuable resource. Sometime the application are just not useful, so the user deletes the software. What most do not realize is...

The Windows XP registry is one of the most important components of your PC. The registry is where Windows XP stores all of your computer's device and file associations, as well as critical...

The address field in Internet Explorer holds the URLs of all the Web sites you have recently visited. This is convenient for you, because you can simply go to the address field, click on the...

When a problem occurs with your Windows XP operating system, a common solution is to use the System Restore tool. System Restore is a utility that can undo recent changes to your system files by...

Compressed folders are folders that have been zipped up along with their content to save space on your computer. If you want to view the files inside the compressed folder, you need to extract...

A computer crash is something that can happen anytime. You need to take precautionary steps and make a backup of all important data. You can use a diskette, CD, Zip drive, external hard drive and...

If you have a new disk or hard drive for use in your computer, you should format it before its first use. Formatting the disk will wipe all of the data which may be on it and prepare it for its...

There are many advertising methods you can use that will distribute information to potential customers without having to pay any sales people to do the job. Informational kiosks set up in shopping...

A computer "driver" is a small program that instructs the operating system on the best method for talking to a particular piece of hardware. Drivers are so named because they allow the operating...

Internet Explorer will notify you of any errors that may occur on a Web page; these are known as script errors. One reason script errors are turned on by default is to inform you that this error...

You download data, such as text or image files, by transferring them from your source (sending) computer to a target (receiving) computer. For example, if you have used a word processor on your...

Computer users find themselves having to restart their computer for a number of reasons. These reasons include the installation of new software, when the computer is giving you problems and to get...

No matter how you use your computer, it is important to keep it protected and up to date. One of the best ways to accomplish that goal is to install a product like Systemworks. It can...

It happens to all of us. You're browsing the internet and suddenly you get the "Page Not Found" error. You check your modem and everything seems to be working and now you decide to call customer...

The computer name, or "hostname," is one of the ways a computer is referenced over a network. The other way is by the computer's IP address. The hostname is created when the operating system is...

In the rapidly changing world of both computer technology and consumer expectations, operating systems evolve rapidly. When a new version of the operating system for your computer becomes...

Although you might have forgotten or lost your access password, all hope is not lost. There are a number of ways you can log into your computer without the original password, ranging from hacking...

Managing your computer's files means knowing where they are when you need them. It's also important to know how to delete them safely and effectively when you no longer need them. The Recycle Bin...

Without your computer registry, there is no way for the computer to run. If you encounter mistakes, hiccups or major slow spells, your registry could need cleaning. It's worth any price to keep...

As a computer gets older and installed programs increase, the processor's speed will likely slow. Each of the programs installed on your computer make numerous changes to the Windows registry,...

To install a computer sound jack, you will need to install an internal or external sound card that features the jack you desire. Commonly found jacks include headphones/speaker outputs and...

Startup programs are applications, drivers and system components that launch automatically when you start your computer. These may include messenger and antivirus programs. Too many startup...

Partitioning a hard drive configures it into sections so that the operating system can find the stored information. Disk Management is a tool bundled with the Windows XP operating system. This...

The control panel provides a space for a user name and password or log in. Once the user has logged into the system, they have a set of predefined options available to them. This includes adding...

Creating and editing spreadsheets in Excel is commonplace in most businesses. To easily edit information within a spreadsheet, you can copy and paste information from one cell to another. Follow...

Your computer has a file system that can become corrupted due to a number of reasons. Virus or malware infections, errors in the hard drive or unstable programs may be some of the culprits. Once...

A boot disk for Windows 95, 98 or ME stores the necessary codes for a hard drive to power up and initiate operations. Normally you simply turn on the PC and the hard drive does the rest. If the...

When you're working on a research project, you will be surrounded by research materials. To keep track of everything, you should organize them in a system that works well for you. By keeping the...

Users can create folders several ways in Windows and the following steps will describe some of the most common ones. A folder can be created within any existing folder, even the desktop. Be sure...

Icons shown on a computer desktop or on the Internet can easily identify a program or a website. Create your own custom icons by using icon design software. You can use the program's tools to...

Partitions are areas of the hard drive sectioned off to create a logical volume. For instance, you might have one physical hard drive, but you can partition it into two logical volumes labeled "C"...

When it comes to your personal accounts and other means of communications online, the key to using all the technology safely is simply various character strings--your passwords! How unique and...

Shortcuts are a means of directly running a program without locating the program file. Shortcuts are represented by an icon which can be opened to start the program. There are several different...

It's easy to customize your Excel toolbar and menus. You can make your own menu with commands you most commonly use and stick it in the toolbar. These steps work with Microsoft Excel 97.

You stare at the same old icons on your Mac hard drive everyday and they can be so boring. You want your icons to have personality like you. If you follow these basic instructions then you can...

The Microsoft Windows XP operating system uses a set of standard toolbar options for any program you run. In some instances you may not like the layout of the toolbar or may want extra buttons for...

Customize your Windows XP desktop for a personalized and efficient workspace. Change the background, screen saver and color scheme to have your computer reflect your personality. Add shortcuts and...

Customize your Windows XP desktop for a personalized and efficient workspace. Change the background, screen saver and color scheme to have your computer reflect your personality. Add shortcuts and...

If you are among the many computer fans out there, you've probably heard the term "mod the box". Modding is the slang term for modifying. This term is much more familiar when being applied to...

Windows XP enables multiple users to maintain their own settings and display options, allowing everyone to tailor their Windows experience to their own tastes. Each user will require his own...

Windows Live is the collective brand name for a set of services and software products from Microsoft. At the Windows Live homepage, one has access to Hotmail, SkyDrive and Windows Live Messenger....

If you want to ensure that no one can trace your computer usage through history files, you must undergo a history deletion process. This is especially handy if you share a computer with others....

Shortcuts are icons on your desktop that quickly launch an application or file. After a while your Windows XP desktop can begin to look cluttered. Here's how to remove shortcuts that you don't use...

Deleting a file in Windows usually just means moving it to the Recycle Bin where it can be easily recovered. The Recycle Bin can be configured to actually delete files instead of holding them for...

Any time you visit a Web site on the Internet, Internet Explorer will automatically save each page of those sites onto your computer's hard drive. This allows those pages to load quickly the next...

There are a variety of desktop options that come preloaded on your computer. You can also use any photographs you have in a picture file, or images you like that are on the Internet. Changing the...

The computer desktop is the first thing you see when you start your computer and the last thing you see when you shut it down. In between these two events, it can be a useful organizational tool....

One common component of the Windows operating system is the desktop icons available for people to access things like the computer drives, recycle bin and network window. These icons can be hidden...

The Ask.com Desktop Search indexes images, documents, emails, music, videos and other files on your computer, so you can search for virtually anything in seconds. You don't have to waste time...

An easy way to start Trillian Instant Messenger on your command is by adding a window shortcut for Trillian on your desktop. This allows you to quickly open Trillian without having to visit the...

Remote Desktop allows you to use Windows XP Professional or higher to remotely connect to other Windows computers. You can see and use other desktops on your own computer. Remote desktop is mainly...

Check Disk is a helpful utility that's available in most versions of Windows. Check Disk, also called CHKDSK, will scan your computer's hard disk, check for errors or bad sectors, and repair them...

Windows Vista includes a disk cleaning utility that enables you to remove unnecessary files that consume hard drive space and memory, clog your computer and slow down performance. Temporary files...

Although computers come with more hard disk space today, it's still necessary to free up space on occasion. The more space you have the more you use and the less likely you are to clean it up, so...

Microsoft Windows 95 was the first 32-bit operating system from Microsoft Corporation. Some of the features of this operating system, such as plug-and-play device installation, were intended to...

Windows XP is a popular operating system that is considered to be stable and user-friendly. Like any operating system, it can get bogged down or corrupted if too many programs are installed and...

Few things are more disconcerting than turning on your computer and finding that it will not boot properly because of a problem with the operating system. Fortunately, this is not the problem that...

Disk Defrag.exe is an icon that loads a program in Windows called Disk Defragmenter. This program rearranges the data on your hard drive, allowing your computer to access it faster and generally...

A DNS error ("This page cannot be displayed.") commonly occurs when you are trying to reach a particular web page and either your computer, Windows or Internet Explorer, or the web page itself, is...

Since the release of Windows 2000, Microsoft keeps all user settings and preferences for the profile in a folder named "Documents and Settings." This folder contains user profiles, and it's where...

The advent of the Windows operating system made it is easier than ever to run and execute programs without having to learn and memorize lengthy commands or use a confusing text-only interface....

Making noticeable improvements to your double-wide trailer without noticing a huge disappearance from your wallet is possible, especially when it comes to painting that old, dingy-looking...

Without proper insulation, your home can lose nearly half of its heating and cooling to the outdoors. Insulation is not limited to the attic and walls, but is a vital asset to the windows, as...

The Linux system uses different types of drivers to run its programs and software. Follow the instructions below to find a Linux driver.

Without print drivers, your computer won't be able to print. If you have upgraded to Windows Vista, you may find yourself unable to print due to compatibility issues. Here is how to find the right...

When you install a second operating system on a Windows XP machine, you dual boot the computer. The computer starts with a screen that gives you the option to boot any operating system. The screen...

If you have upgraded your operating system from Windows 2000 recently, you may see the "Dual Boot" selection menu every time you turn on your PC. The menu is asking whether you wish to load...

Ubuntu is a version of the Linux operating system. It is "open source," which means it is available for a legal free download on the Internet. If you want to install Ubuntu on your computer but...

For the PC guru, both Windows and Linux have appeal. It is often impractical, however, to have multiple computers at a single workspace. In an ideal world, you should be able to make your PC dual...

Many people do not know that Windows XP comes with basic CD- or DVD-burning software. The software does not offer many options, but for creating a backup of data files or other types of files, it...

Half-moon windows sit above front doors and over tall windows in dozens of homes. Some homeowners like these windows, appreciating the architectural interest they bring. Others would rather not...

USB flash drives are extremely convenient and practical, but they're not without problems. If you've ever tried to retrieve information from your USB flash drive and discovered that the data is...

Like any Windows-standard program, Windows Media Player has a set number of standard error messages that display when something has gone wrong with the program. Though these messages can be...

Computer errors occur frequently as systems age and as the files stored on a computer's hard drive become more susceptible to data loss and corruption. Repairing an error message that is integral...

A stack overflow error is a common error that is seen with increasingly frequency as a computer ages. This is due to an improperly maintained computer registry. The registry is a repository of all...

Microsoft software is integrated and features many overlapping interfaces. It is possible to open Microsoft Office programs, including Excel, in a window of the popular web browser, Internet...

An external hard drive is recommended if it is used primarily to store backups, transport data to another PC or secure important data. An external hard drive also provides you with additional free...

When summer breezes and warm temperatures finally begin to fade into fall, so does your complexion. While you may have longed for that summer golden glow--and used makeup to safely achieve it--the...

Modern computers provide a wide variety of software to accomplish similar tasks. For example, Web pages may be opened using any of several competing Web browser applications. Viewing photos on a...

The Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF) has gained significant popularity as a global standard for information exchange due to its file security and compatibility across multiple platforms. Every...

Macintosh disk image files function like hard drives or CDs. Use them to store files, encrypt them and share them over the web with other Macintosh users. They image mounts on the Macintosh...

When children get bored and need something to do, try the file folder game. This activity is perfect for trips, hospital stays and grandma and grandpa's house. Read on to learn how to make a...

Over time, your computer will accumulate files--so many that it can become difficult to navigate through if you don't have them organized. That's why it's essential to know how to construct and...

Correctly setting permissions for files on your Web server is important. After all, you don't want just anyone to navigate to your text file containing a list of your passwords. Learning to change...

To authors, artists and other creative types, a copyright is fundamental to preventing piracy. A copyright is legal protection prohibiting use of an intellectual property, such as a drawing,...

Even if you followed all the required steps, you may not be satisfied with the final outcome of your collision repair. If you think you have a legitimate reason to be concerned, you can file a...

You may have a contact when using Trillian 2.0 instant messenger that wants to transfer you a file using Trillian. You can customize if you want to do this and how it is done using the file...

Rundll32.exe errors typically occur in response to the inability of Windows to access an application, program or file as the result of a corrupted or missing DLL (Dynamic Link Library) file or in...

Even though they are now older technology, Pentium 3-based computers can still be workable machines. With the right maintenance and service these older computers can continue to perform well, but...

Concurrently installed programs can sometimes cause instability within a computer. Fortunately, the "Runtime Error" message associated with an installation of Microsoft Works is a known issue with...

Without your computer registry, there is no way for the computer to run. If you encounter mistakes, hiccups or major slow spells, your registry could need cleaning. It's worth any price to keep...

Warning: The following is not for the faint-hearted or squeamish computer user. Although editing the Windows registry can solve tons of computer problems and possibly speed up your PC, the...

Concurrently installed programs can sometimes cause instability within a computer. Fortunately, the "Runtime Error" message associated with an installation of Microsoft Works is a known issue with...

When you elect not to install certain updates in Windows Vista, it is possible to configure Windows Update not to show you those updates again. After doing this, however, you may find that a...

One of the most important aspects of keeping your computer working well is keeping the updates current. Windows updates that stop automatically updating can lead to important patches and other...

When Windows software needs restoring, cleaning or repairing, you can fix damaged files without changing current settings and applications. There are several ways to fix Windows XP from the...

One of the most important aspects of keeping your computer working well is keeping the updates current. Windows updates that stop automatically updating can lead to important patches and other...

Explorer.exe or Windows Explorer acts as your file manager system in Windows operating systems. Explorer.exe errors are most common in older versions of the Windows operating system, such as...

Digital books let you to read your favorite novels from the comfort and convenience of your home computer. While digital books are simple to use, they come at a price--unlike hard copies of books,...

An error message when using a Bulletin Board program with Windows XP can occur for any number of reasons. Where the problem cannot be isolated to a specific cause, the best course of action is to...

The Windows XP Chkdsk (or Checkdisk) utility is an operating system utility that is used to check hard drive stability. This utility scans a hard drive for errors in data storage, bad sectors and...

"Flashing" the BIOS is the process of replacing an old and outdated version of the BIOS with the most current upgrade. This is accomplished through the use of two files--the new BIOS revision and...

Since the release of Windows 2000, Microsoft keeps all user settings and preferences for the profile in a folder named "Documents and Settings." This folder contains user profiles, and it's where...

Since the release of Windows 2000, Microsoft keeps all user settings and preferences for the profile in a folder named "Documents and Settings." This folder contains user profiles, and it's where...

Check your site thoroughly before publishing it on the Internet.

Most computers are configured as a single-boot system, which means that only one computer operating system is installed on the hard drive. However, the dual-boot configuration is becoming a...

USB micro drives are extremely small USB flash drives you can use to store data. These drives can be smaller than a fingernail and come in a variety of capacities, some more than 100 GB. If you...

Formatting a disk refers to the process by which all of the current information stored on the disk is erased, yielding a blank slate. Formatting a disk for Windows XP is necessary when creating a...

Microsoft Windows Vista comes with many pre-installed gadgets that automatically update to keep you up to date on the weather, news, stocks and more. Gadgets are accessible through the Windows...

In Windows Vista, the game Hearts (and the other default Vista games) gives you the option of saving an unfinished game when you close the program. If you opt to save your game, the next time you...

Many computer users own older software programs, such as PC games, created for earlier versions of Microsoft Windows. While many of these programs run without incident, Windows XP cannot run some...

To help protect certain files and folders from accidental deletion, Microsoft Windows hides them so that these files are not visible under normal circumstances. There may come a time you need to...

Across numerous internet browser platforms, a list of web sites visited by users is stored and displayed in a history panel. Depending on your software, a browser's history bar will not only...

Replacing your home windows is a great way to give your whole house a face-lift. You can change the window frames, shape, size and decoration. Your choice of window can affect the resale value of...

Windows Vista allows you to create, edit and manage partitions on your computer. This is a feature that wasn't present in previous Windows operating systems, including Windows XP. Previous...

Whether you're looking to increase space on your desktop for more icons or enlarge icons so they're easier to see, the Macintosh computer gives you the ability to change the size of icons on the...

The Windows Server 2003 x64 edition operating system won't immediately try to enhance the sound or graphics cards installed on your system. The 2003 x64 is optimized as a server operating system...

There are many versions of windows but the latest version is called Vista. Windows Vista Ultimate is the most complete edition of Windows Vista and you can utilize all of its advanced features....

Sometimes Microsoft Windows fails to recognize a device that's connected to your computer and lists it as an "unknown device." The result can be frustration and an urge to drop-kick your PC,...

You use your PDA for everything from reading email to tracking appointments to storing important addresses and phone numbers. If you want to try some other things with it now, you can adjust your...

While it is no longer the newest Microsoft operating system, Windows XP is still the most prevalent OS in the world. According to most experts, XP is in many ways still the best OS of the family....

The Windows Terminal Services Client---more commonly known as the Remote Desktop Client---received several major updates with the release of Windows 7. These updates include improved user...

Windows XP is an operating system for a PC. If your computer currently runs Windows 98 or Windows ME, installing Windows XP will give your old computer a boost. Before installing a new operating...

If you already have a previous version of Windows, you will find that purchasing the upgrade DVD for Windows Vista is cheaper than buying the full version. Fresh installs will wipe clean your...

Microsoft Virtual PC 2007 provides an effective mechanism for running multiple operating systems on a single computer. While the system requirements in terms of memory, hard drive storage, and...

Installing an operating system on large drives used to be difficult due to differences in the way operating systems were coded to handle large amounts of data storage space, but all that changed...

Games and software programs designed specifically for Windows 2000 may not run properly on Windows XP. This is because the way Windows XP operates is different from the way Windows 2000 operates....

Microsoft Windows 98 provided updates in driver management, system tools, better support for FAT32 file system which allowed for partition sizes greater than 2GB, improved support for USB devices...

It can be difficult to install iPod Linux onto an iPod Nano or 4G because the typical Linux installs don't work on these versions. The best way to install Linux on a 4G or Nano is with Windows and...

If you use instant messaging, Windows Messenger can be an asset to your online experience. If you don't, however, it can be a nuisance. Because Microsoft has embedded it into many of their...

With the fast paced development of computer software, manufactures will often distribute updates for improvements. These can range from simple utility improvements to vital security updates. Most,...

If you already have a previous version of Windows, you will find that purchasing the upgrade DVD for Windows Vista is cheaper than buying the full version. Fresh installs will wipe clean your...

Installing an operating system on large drives used to be difficult due to differences in the way operating systems were coded to handle large amounts of data storage space, but all that changed...

Windows XP is an operating system for a PC. If your computer currently runs Windows 98 or Windows ME, installing Windows XP will give your old computer a boost. Before installing a new operating...

SP3 is the third and final service pack released for Microsoft Windows XP, and it eliminates many of the security holes that previously affected XP. While Microsoft recommends that users download...

Hardware makes your PC function, whether it's the microprocessor or the printer. You need hardware in order to achieve certain tasks, and each new component adds a new level of functionality to...

The procedures for installing windows in a wood frame house are basically the same whether it is a replacement window or new installation. There may be some variation in terms of preparing the...

When your Windows computer communicates online or runs a network application, it runs on a port. Standard ports are used for applications, so hackers exploit them to gain unauthorized access to a...

SP3 is the third and final service pack released for Microsoft Windows XP, and it eliminates many of the security holes that previously affected XP. While Microsoft recommends that users download...

Since most, if not all, email service providers have a limit on the size of files that can be transmitted on their email servers, email users with large files often find it difficult to send these...

Chances are you have used mailing labels at some point, whether for personal or work use. They are the labels that have addresses written or printed on them, which are adhered to envelopes before...

Back in the days of Windows 3.1, many computers came with a 3.5 inch floppy "boot disk," as insurance against a disaster that might leave the operating system unable to function. As floppy drives...

Flash movies are dynamic and exciting media with both personalization and animation. Instantstorm software makes converting a flash movie into a screensaver a snap. The software gives you the...

Most technology fields are growing and will continue to grow due to the ingrained use of computers in everyone's personal and business lives. To succeed in these fields a person needs to obtain...

CVS, or Concurrent Versions System, is an application you can use while running a server that helps you replace smaller programs that typically run on your computer. Although CVS typically doesn't...

The .NET Framework is a library of routines intended for use by most Windows applications. It is included with Windows Server 2008 and Vista, and is also available for Windows Server 2003 and...

CardSpace is a program that is automatically downloaded and installed when the .NET framework is downloaded and installed on your Windows system. CardSpace is deeply integrated with the .NET...

Windows XP updates include drivers, service packs, and software that your computer downloads from the Microsoft server. You may need to remove an update from your Windows XP system either because...

There are many different operating systems, and sometimes we wish that we could try them all. However, doing this would normally require multiple computer systems to install them on. Luckily,...

Microsoft Vista is the latest software operating system that is meant for business and personal use on all forms of computers. The previous operating system, Windows XP, was criticized for its...

Changing your Microsoft Windows network name allows you to link your desktop and laptop computers to a single network. You can share files, folders and drives or create a multimedia server. While...

If you are familiar with email programs, you can probably use Windows Mail on Microsoft Vista with your eyes closed. The features are familiar, and their layout is pretty intuitive to anyone used...

Microsoft Windows uses audio .wav files to welcome you when you log into or out of the Windows environment. Windows also uses the audio files to report errors or the opening or closing of program...

After being hit with many attacks to their original Windows XP operating system, Microsoft decided to release service packs to fill any holes that existed in the OS. Service Pack 3 is the latest...

When formatting a floppy disc, one of the options you can select is to make the disk an MS-DOS start-up disk. The MS-DOS start-up disk is a disk that you can use to boot into the MS-DOS system in...

The installation identification information regarding an installation of Microsoft's Windows operating system includes information like who the copy of Windows is registered to as well as a unique...

The advent of the Windows operating system made it is easier than ever to run and execute programs without having to learn and memorize lengthy commands or use a confusing text-only interface....

FileZilla provides an easy-to-use software interface that makes file transfers between your computer and servers as simple as performing a drag-and-drop. FileZilla is available as a free file...

Placing shortcuts on your desktop is an effective way to streamline your work processes to save time. Many people like to place program shortcuts of programs they use often on the desktop. When...

Windows XP has proven to be a popular operating system not only because of its efficiency and its stability but because of its many features that make files easy and convenient to handle. Through...

Microsoft Windows is an excellent operating system when it comes to working in conjunction with other Microsoft products. For example, in Internet Explorer anything that you save as a "Favorites"...

If you are creating a resume or filling out a job application, you'll need to list your previous employers and, in the case of a job application, provide specific details such as dates of...

In Internet networking terms, a domain name is a point of origin for a website or Internet service. Essentially, it is the URL of the website you are connecting to. If for some reason you need to...

DISH Network has collaborated with some Internet access providers so that you can buy combined packages that include DISH Network programming and Internet access to your PC. These packages are...

Verizon email settings determine how your email is filtered and how it is displayed on the page. These settings can be changed in a short amount of time and with little effort, making it easier to...

Windows Vista takes some of the best features of Windows XP and expands on them. Internet connectivity, for example, is much easier to set up and manage in Windows Vista. For some it's as simple...

Windows Media Player 11 is a version of the popular Windows Media Player computer program, designed for use with computers running the Windows operating system. Windows Media Player can both play...

Mac OS X Leopard's network file sharing has improved over previous releases of Mac operating systems. With Mac OS X Leopard, file sharing is simplified and users are reintroduced to popular file...

Networks have developed far beyond the original mainframe-and-workstations concept. Today, mainframes are called servers, and networks can share a wider range of information on various platforms....

Microsoft Windows XP operating system permits the creation of a user account for each person sharing a computer. Each user account can be customized for screen appearance, settings and privacy....

Energy efficiency is one of the biggest reasons for replacing older windows. Choose wood windows that open and close easily and pull out or slide inward for easy cleaning. Accurate measurements...

Converting files on your Windows XP system from FAT32 to NTFS has many benefits, but the most important is security. The NTFS file system has security features built in, making it the most popular...

Even if you've been taking extremely good care of your computer, it's inevitable that it will slow down at some point. When it does slow down, you'll know it's time to start over again. The...

Older versions of Microsoft Office may not run smoothly in the Windows Vista and 7 operating systems. However, if you are partial to Microsoft Office 2000, or if 2000 is the only version of Office...

The Microsoft Office XP software package adds the powerful feature of full speech recognition to the Windows XP operating system. The Windows XP speech recognition software converts spoken words...

Different operating systems view the same Web site in completely different ways. What looks clear and professional on one operating system may not load correctly on another. In addition, different...

You can organize folders in Hotmail to save emails you wish to store for future use. Hotmail lets you create your own folders and name them appropriately. You can then move any emails into these...

Use the "My Bookshelf" feature in Adobe Acrobat to organize all your PDF documents. The application opens in a new window in Adobe Acrobat 7.0. It displays thumbnail views for your PDF documents....

Flat panel LCD big screen TV's take up much less room then a rear projection TV as far as depth is concerned. If you're looking to save space then a flat panel LCD big screen TV may be the choice...

Partitioning a hard drive configures it into sections so that the operating system can find the stored information. Disk Management is a tool bundled with the Windows XP operating system. This...

Most Acer desktops with Windows installed come standard with recovery partitions built into the hard drive. But if you are not familiar with the inner workings of your computer, finding the...

Drive partitioning is a good way to divide up space on your Sony Vaio's hard drive to better organize data. If you think your Sony Vaio's hard drive has too many partitions, you may wish to remove...

Your password is the way that you identify yourself to a website. It is important to pick a safe and secure password that can not easily be guessed by other people. If someone guesses your...

The password, otherwise known as the BIOS password that has been made into part of the Toshiba Satellite Laptop design, was built in for security reasons. However, Toshiba has also made life a...

On Windows XP, you can create an administrator password which prevents unauthorized users from using your computer. When you enable it, Windows XP requires you to enter the password before you can...

A PC's registry is like the index page for the computer's operating system. The registry provides essential information about where programs are located, how they should be opened and what changes...

A PC's registry is like the index page for the computer's operating system. The registry provides essential information about where programs are located, how they should be opened and what changes...

how to clean up your computer and make it run faster.

The power windows on your Ford F-250 should give you years of trouble-free performance. However, over time, the power window module may wear out. The motor that powers the window scissor arms may...

There are safety control designs built into every HVAC system which reduce the risk of personal injury and danger of fires. These protective devices vary slightly from one unit to another,...

When you want to produce high-quality pictures for archival purposes or distribution, then you should get a TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) Image Printer, which is a virtual Windows printer. Using...

Having a printer connected to each computer in your home is usually overkill. Save time and money by sharing one printer with all the computers on your Windows home network. Sharing your printer...

Older software can be installed on Windows Vista by running it in compatibility mode. In compatibility mode, the software is installed in an environment similar to that of a previous version of...

While Windows Update in Windows XP typically runs without any problems, some users do encounter occasional issues. These problems range from Windows Update ceasing to run at all to updates being...

Windows XP is one of the world's premier operating systems, accounting for a vast majority of personal computers, as well as business machines. It is powerful and provides an incredible number of...

When you install new programs on your Windows XP computer, files, folders and subfolders associated with the program are installed in your program files beneath the program's folder. Sometimes...

In Windows Vista, the "Quick Launch" toolbar sits to the left side of your regular Vista toolbar. It is located directly to the right of the circular "Start" button, and contains icons for...

Reboot CDs--also known as boot disks or boot CDs--are handy tools to have around if your computer suddenly decides to stop working. Boot CDs are used almost exclusively for diagnosing and...

Reboot CDs--also known as boot disks or boot CDs--are handy tools to have around if your computer suddenly decides to stop working. Boot CDs are used almost exclusively for diagnosing and...

By default, documents saved in Microsoft Word 2007 end with a .docx file extension, unless they are saved in .doc, which is compatible with the previous Microsoft Word versions such as Word 2003....

Recovering Windows XP on a Winbook is similar to recovering an operating system on other computers. When you boot up your machine and it prompts you for drive-specific information prior to...

Losing files can be an unpleasant experience for anyone. When if comes to files typically found on SD cards, these files represent memories: summer vacation, your son's fourth birthday, your...

Recovering Windows XP on a Winbook is similar to recovering an operating system on other computers. When you boot up your machine and it prompts you for drive-specific information prior to...

Recovering Windows XP on a Winbook is similar to recovering an operating system on other computers. When you boot up your machine and it prompts you for drive-specific information prior to...

Our police and federal agents do their best to find criminals and bring them to justice, but sometimes they need assistance. This is where fugitive recovery agents, also known as bounty hunters,...

Recovery CDs are useful tools to backup and store your computer's essential information. Recovery discs store your computer's operating system and basic driver information in case you have to...

Sooner or later you will boot up your computer and see a question mark, sad Mac or other icon to indicate your hard drive is no longer working. Fortunately you can find a number of disk recovery...

We've all accidentally deleted a text message before that we wanted to keep. Usually these messages (also known as SMS messages) are just junk clogging up the memory of our phones, but from time...

Managing your computer's files means knowing where they are when you need them. It's also important to know how to delete them safely and effectively when you no longer need them. The Recycle Bin...

Managing your computer's files means knowing where they are when you need them. It's also important to know how to delete them safely and effectively when you no longer need them. The Recycle Bin...

The Windows XP System Registry contains information that is integral to the functioning of your computer. When malicious software infects a system, its "germs" can get into the Registry and make...

As a computer gets older and installed programs increase, the processor's speed will likely slow. Each of the programs installed on your computer make numerous changes to the Windows registry,...

The Windows Remote Desktop Connection allows you to connect to another Windows computer that is on the Internet or the same Local Area Network (LAN) that you are using. Remote Desktop is a popular...

When you're busy using different browsers and programs on your computer, you may forget to do important tasks. However, if you set a Windows pop up reminder, you can receive a reminder no matter...

Even though Microsoft has released several operating systems after Windows 2000, the desktop and server software is still used by some home users and office administrators. Windows 2000 has...

A restore disk or recovery disk is typically shipped with a new computer and helps reformat the computer or re-install the operating system should you ever run into any incurable problems. Taking...

Restoring lost system files is important if your computer has a catastrophic failure. Your system restore files are found on recovery or backup CDs. These CDs contain your system's operating...

With a handy program called VMware, you can run both Windows and Linux on the same computer, allowing you to copy data between the two, and run Windows applications while enjoying the increased...

Scan Disk or Check Disk, as it is called in more recent versions of Windows, is a utility that checks a computer's hard drives for errors and fixes them. Regularly running this utility will help...

The Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF) has gained significant popularity as a global standard for information exchange due to its file security and compatibility across multiple platforms. Every...

Linux is a Unix based operating system notable for being open source. Anyone is free to modify or manipulate Linux to suit his own needs, although certain functions are unalterable. In order to...

If your computer is connected to a local area network, you can allow certain files on your computer's hard drive to be accessed by all other computers on the LAN. Your operating system will come...

You can use the Windows Sound Recorder to record your own warning beeps or other sounds. You'll need a sound card that supports sound input, a microphone and speakers.

The Start Menu on Windows operating systems is a navigational, graphical interface that allows you quick access to tasks that you repeatedly use or perform.

When new software or hardware is installed on a Windows Everex laptop, there is always a possibility of errors or problems. Some installation problems can prevent the new program from working or...

As you boot up your computer and Windows 2000 begins to load, it keeps a listing of programs that start automatically with the operating system. If you're running a newer computer you probably...

The stop error has many aliases: the system fault, the fatal exception, or most colloquially the "blue screen of death." Whatever one calls it, getting a stop error message means Windows Vista...

Windows XP and Windows Vista give users the ability to store passwords needed to log in to servers, open programs and gain access to other parts of the operating system. This can be a convenient...

OpenOffice is a popular office productivity suite that comes bundled with a word processor, a database creator, a presentations and slideshow creator, and more. Sometimes an upgrade, a glitch, or...

Content management is important to improving and to updating your system. With the help of various Content Management Systems (CMS), you can control, organize and publish documents and other...

If your Windows PC crashes, you may need a system recovery. If you've created restore points or backed up your system with Windows' automated system recovery software, this will be a fairly simple...

Microsoft Windows 7 is the latest incarnation of Microsoft's operating systems that date back to the formation of the company in 1975. Unlike Windows XP, which was designed when the floppy disk...

Most of the time adding a new piece of hardware or a new software package to your computer will cause no problems. There are times, however, when those new additions will cause issues with your...

System Restore is a mechanism in the Windows XP operating system that automatically keeps track of any major changes to your computer, such as automatic security updates and installation of new...

An address bar can be easily created in the task bar on computers using Windows 7, Vista, or XP. From this address bar, you can navigate to any location on your computer hard disk. You can also...

There are many instances in Microsoft Windows where some problems may require expedient solutions. The Windows Task Manager lends itself to many such problems. Quite a few times, the central...

Temporary files are meant to help you quickly access files and websites that you have previously visited. However, if there are too many temporary files, they can begin to bog down the system. If...

Any time you visit a Web site on the Internet, Internet Explorer will automatically save each page of those sites onto your computer's hard drive. This allows those pages to load quickly the next...

If you've bought a new computer, you may want to transfer important data from your old model. The steps below can help you transfer files from another PC to your new Windows Vista PC in no time.

Windows Vista may not have been the most successful of Microsoft's operating platforms, but nevertheless it did become the standard Windows platform from 2006 to 2009. If you are a Windows Vista...

There has been a hacking revolution ablaze for some time, in which people take different pieces of hardware and expand on their capabilities. One favorite medium for these industrious hackers is...

Each file type in Windows has its own set of properties, including the program that opens each type of file, the icon used to represent those files and the definitions of various actions on those...

The Microsoft Windows Vista operating system has four different versions, which all include different features to meet varying computer needs. If you need features such as remote desktop software...

If your Windows XP user profile is damaged, or if your computer is starting to run too slowly when you're logged in as a particular user, you may need to restore your user account. Windows doesn't...

Remote desktop allows you to connect from your computer to a different computer in a different location. You can connect from home to your computer at work, and have access to programs, files and...

Bluetooth is wireless technology used to connect two or more electronic devices. Though Bluetooth is probably best known as the technology used in mobile phone headsets, it is also used for other...

Sometimes you're in a situation where you can't browse the Internet in the usual way. Perhaps it's a public-access computer or someone disabled the web browser. But you can still browse the web...

If you have downloaded a Windows Installer package to help with the installation of applications on your Windows computer, you may want to delete the Installer files once the applications are...

Although Windows XP is not the most current operating-system release from Microsoft, it still remains a popular choice. If you're running a Windows XP 64-bit system (your computer will either have...

Although Windows XP is not the most current operating-system release from Microsoft, it still remains a popular choice. If you're running a Windows XP 64-bit system (your computer will either have...

Windows Vista has enhanced security features that allow for increased protection from all sorts of threats, such as viruses, spyware and adware. Understanding exactly how Windows Vista security...

With Microsoft's Vista, you can change the background on the desktop, choose a picture for your user account, set your screensaver and change the colors and theme of your desktop. You can also...

Through the magic of the Internet, you can have the whole world at your fingertips. Find information and research, get up to the minute news and connect to millions of people around the globe....

To ensure the highest level of security, most software requires the use of passwords. With a password required for just about everything, it can be difficult to remember them all. If you have...

When your Windows Vista system boots, it runs a number of programs. Logically enough, these are called startup programs. Although some of them are needed at boot time, many software programs, as...

Few things are more disconcerting than turning on your computer and finding that it will not boot properly because of a problem with the operating system. Fortunately, this is not the problem that...

The Windows Vista Registry stores operational information for your computer. Whenever you make a change to the control panel, system settings or installed software, the registry saves the change...

Windows Vista offers robust remote management capabilities that work best when connecting to another Vista computer. Remote management can be done both on local networks and over the Internet...

Windows has finally introduced Vista, which offers an improved search function, increased security, a first-rate calendar program, gadgets and more. When you want to improve the performance of...

Imagine creating documents and controlling programs without ever using your keyboard. Imagine a computer that recognizes your voice and does what you ask it to do. If you have Windows Vista, none...

When you elect not to install certain updates in Windows Vista, it is possible to configure Windows Update not to show you those updates again. After doing this, however, you may find that a...

One of the great features of the Windows Vista operating system is its ability to add parental controls. You as a parent have more control over what content your children use on Vista than ever...

A tilde is the little character that looks like this: ~. When used with a letter (such as "n"), it looks like this: ñ.

While many common computer problems can be resolved using less drastic measures, there are times when the best course of action will be to completely restore your computer. Bringing your computer...

Replacing a worn window or installing a picture window where there wasn't one previously will add tremendous value to your home and make everyday living more enjoyable. A room with light and a...

Windows XP Professional is a more powerful operating system compared to Windows XP Home. It is intended mainly for use in a professional environment such as a business office, graphic design...

Windows 2000, released in the early part of the same year, is a version of Microsoft's longstanding operating system. One feature, which is also available with most of Microsoft's operating...

Windows 2000 is an operating system developed by Microsoft for use with business computers and servers. The system has many editions designed specifically for business use. Windows 2000 became the...

Between Windows 98 and Windows XP, Microsoft created an operating system designed exclusively for businesses. This operating system was known as Windows 2000, or Win2K. Windows 2000 was created...

Microsoft Windows 98 provided updates in driver management, system tools, better support for FAT32 file system which allowed for partition sizes greater than 2GB, improved support for USB devices...

Windows Live is the collective brand name for a set of services and software products from Microsoft. A Windows Live account is essentially the same as a Hotmail and MSN account. In order to...

When you buy any new operating system, you must have it activated before you can use it completely. Activation lets the company selling the system know that you are the owner of the software and...

Windows XP has numerous features to ensure a user's information and operating system stays safe from crashes or system failures. One of these features includes the popular System Restore which...

By default, the Windows operating system will occasionally display security alerts in the taskbar in the lower-right corner of your desktop. These alert messages are usually related to your...

Windows Vista represents a tremendous improvement over Windows XP in the visual department. Windows Vista includes the Aero effect, allowing for windows and other screen elements to appear...

Windows Vista can be used to complete numerous tasks, both personal and professional. It is a powerful tool with many useful programs that can create files of all types. However, sometimes things...

Windows Explorer is a file management component that enables you to locate and manage drivers, files, programs, folders and components on your computer system. You can use it to copy, paste or...

Since the clock format in Windows task bar is set to the 12-hour format by default, some personal computer (PC) users may prefer to change this format to the 24-hour format instead. There are...

Windows XP is one of the most dominant operating systems on the market today. One of the reasons for its dominance is its relative ease of use and set up. You can install Windows XP directly from...

Windows Vista comes in four different versions. The reason for this is that it gives computer users a few options to choose from depending on their personal level of computer use and expertise....

If you've ever installed Windows before, you know that the first step is to boot the computer off of the CD. But what do you do if you only have the files from off of a Windows CD, but not the CD...

Check Disk is a helpful utility that's available in most versions of Windows. Check Disk, also called CHKDSK, will scan your computer's hard disk, check for errors or bad sectors, and repair them...

If you often work with the command prompt within Windows, or with DOS applications that run in Windows, you don't need to settle for the same old boring white text on black background. It's easy...

If you often work with the command prompt within Windows, or with DOS applications that run in Windows, you don't need to settle for the same old boring white text on black background. It's easy...

Because most people just zip right through a Windows installation on autopilot, many of them never realize that there are quite a few optional components that Windows installs by default. These...

Most telephone companies offer DSL services to people who live within a certain radius of the carrier's central office. DSL works over standard phone lines to bring you high-speed Internet at...

Windows Defender provides real time protection to Windows users against all sorts of harmful activity. Its primary use is to help filter out adware, spyware and other malicious programs, but it...

Defragmenting is a reoccurring nightmare, because the Windows' tool stalls at around the 10 percent mark. The problem could be your screen saver or a program running in the background using drive...

Is your computer's desktop covered with so many icons that you never know where to find anything? Are you looking for a way to create an effective filing system on your computer, so you never...

Your computer comes loaded with icons for your desktop. Even though those icons are predetermined for you, it doesn't mean that you're stuck with them. You can add icons or remove them as needed...

Check Disk is a helpful utility that's available in most versions of Windows. Check Disk, also called CHKDSK, will scan your computer's hard disk, check for errors or bad sectors, and repair them...

As updates to hardware and software occur, you sometimes need to update or install new drivers onto your computer. Think of a driver as a set of instructions in a certain language that the...

Computers can encrypt important files for you. They do this by scrambling the letters written in your files so that only those users who have the appropriate encryption key can read them. However,...

Computers make life much more productive and convenient for everyone, both at work and in the home. However, computers are not without their problems. More specifically, the Windows operating...

Windows Vista has enhanced security features that allow for increased protection from all sorts of threats, such as viruses, spyware and adware. Understanding exactly how Windows Vista security...

Using the "Search" function in Windows Explorer, you can search any drive (local, USB or disk) for a specific file or files, such as those starting with "$". Or, you can simply search your entire...

When you purchase a Windows computer, the system comes with some pre-created directories on the hard drive, such as the "My Documents" folder, which contains additional folders like "My Pictures"...

Sometimes you're in a situation where you can't browse the Internet in the usual way. Perhaps it's a public-access computer or someone disabled the web browser. But you can still browse the web...

If you want to ensure that no one can trace your computer usage through history files, you must undergo a history deletion process. This is especially handy if you share a computer with others....

If you have created a Windows home network that you no longer need you may want to remove it from your computer. Deleting a Windows home network is a fairly simple process that you can do on your...

GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program) is a freeware software program similar to Adobe Photoshop that can be used for digital imaging applications. Thanks to its user-friendly interface, GIMP can...

It is important to know the product information pertaining to your Windows Vista computer. Product information includes the manufacturer, model, memory, processor, system type and product ID of...

SP3 is the third and final service pack released for Microsoft Windows XP, and it eliminates many of the security holes that previously affected XP. While Microsoft recommends that users download...

Whenever you install a program on your computer, the Windows utility that physically installs the program on your hard drive always leaves behind a few temporary files. Those files were necessary...

If you have downloaded a Windows Installer package to help with the installation of applications on your Windows computer, you may want to delete the Installer files once the applications are...

Whenever you install a program on your computer, the Windows utility that physically installs the program on your hard drive always leaves behind a few temporary files. Those files were necessary...

Whenever you install a program on your computer, the Windows utility that physically installs the program on your hard drive always leaves behind a few temporary files. Those files were necessary...

If you already have a previous version of Windows, you will find that purchasing the upgrade DVD for Windows Vista is cheaper than buying the full version. Fresh installs will wipe clean your...

Some people have the habit of deleting their History on Internet Explorer so no one can see what websites they've visited. Other computers automatically delete the history after a certain amount...

Windows Vista is just one of many operating systems capable of connecting users to the Internet. Each user receives an IP (Internet Protocol) address that identifies their computer to any others...

Windows Vista is just one of many operating systems capable of connecting users to the Internet. Each user receives an IP (Internet Protocol) address that identifies their computer to any others...

The simple task of looking at your desktop can become a test of patience if you have multiple windows open. This test becomes even more difficult, however, if you are unable to use one of the...

The Windows Logo shortcut keys are available on virtually all PC keyboards and can be used to perform a number of actions quickly. There are two of these keys, the Windows Logo key and the Menu...

Windows log files contain records of your computer's activity. Some log files record executed commands, others store Internet browsing history, and others contain a list of errors and exceptions...

Perhaps you often find the login screen saver running on your computer. When you do not login into your computer within 15 minutes of turning it on, the default setting is set to start the Windows...

The Windows Boot Manager gives you control over which operating system is loaded when you start your computer. Whether you are booting different versions of Windows or different operating systems...

Manually entering a product key can become necessary when you have recently purchased a new copy of Windows XP Professional for a computer that already has a Windows operating system installed....

ScanDisk is the Windows utility which is used to check your hard disk drive for errors and bad clusters. It's a good idea to run ScanDisk if you have noticed any performance decline from Windows...

Composite video uses the standard yellow, red and white cables to transmit video and audio data. Most DVD players, video game systems and camcorders use composite video as an output signal, yet...

Computers make life much more productive and convenient for everyone, both at work and in the home. However, computers are not without their problems. More specifically, the Windows operating...

In Windows Vista, each computer user has a number of special icons in his or her user folder. These icons include folders for music, documents and contacts, and all are in a shade of blue to match...

Through the magic of the Internet, you can have the whole world at your fingertips. Find information and research, get up to the minute news and connect to millions of people around the globe....

Changing your Microsoft Windows network name allows you to link your desktop and laptop computers to a single network. You can share files, folders and drives or create a multimedia server. While...

Unlike most Microsoft operating systems, Windows NT doesn't have the capacity to use true boot disks. Instead, Windows NT will allow floppies to load essential operations files into memory then...

If you want to access your ISP somewhere else, what do you do? Unfortunately, in Windows, you have to manually transfer Internet settings from one computer to the other.

Windows Live OneCare is a computer backup application for the Windows XP and Vista operating systems. Windows Live OneCare is not available for Windows 7. Windows Live OneCare allows you to make a...

Having a password on your home computer can be a nuisance, especially if the computer is used by more than one person in the same household. Follow the instructions below to enable auto login in...

All Windows operating systems (OS) let you skip the welcome screen and directly login to the desktop. Follow these steps to enable auto login in any Windows operating system.

A service pack is nothing more than a group of updates required to keep your computer operating system in good condition. A Microsoft service pack consists of a bundle of updates, fixes and...

Boot Camp is an application made for running the Windows operating system on Apple computers that have Mac OS X version 10.5 (aka "Leopard") or 10.6 ("Snow Leopard"). For some users, this is an...

An easy and quick way to protect your computer from hackers, nosy members of your network and other Internet threats is to create a Windows login password. The instructions vary depending on...

Computers have greatly evolved over the years. Gone are the days of needing a computer science degree to make any changes to the computer's hardware. Installing a PC hard drive is easier than ever...

Windows 2000 Professional is one of the most modern operating systems that runs at an acceptable speed on older computers. For this reason, it is still installed on many computers more than a...

You can use Windows Photo Gallery on Vista to manage your entire video and photo collection. Save, swap, label and edit with this neat little application.

Windows Media Player is a part of the Windows operating system. For this reason, you may have been dismayed to find that it is not shown on the list of installed programs in Windows Vista, leaving...

Many people use computers these days for just about everything from work to play and even to kids doing work for school. People are always printing documents. Sometimes those documents get stuck...

The Windows XP Pro operating system accepts updates, known as Service Packs, from Microsoft that contain new drivers, security patches and other add-ons to make the operating system run better....

Java is a computer programming platform developed and distributed by Sun Microsystems. The downloadable Java package allows you to run various Java-based applications, such as online games or...

Windows XP is one of the world's premier operating systems, accounting for a vast majority of personal computers, as well as business machines. It is powerful and provides an incredible number of...

Windows XP is one of the world's premier operating systems, accounting for a vast majority of personal computers, as well as business machines. It is powerful and provides an incredible number of...

Windows profiles allow each user on a computer to set his or her own preferences for when they log on. Each profile can have different settings, appearances and even different programs. The...

If you want to uninstall a Windows program from your computer, just deleting the application or its folder will result in lots of extra files and potential headaches. Use the Install/Uninstall...

If you often work with the command prompt within Windows, or with DOS applications that run in Windows, you don't need to settle for the same old boring white text on black background. It's easy...

Windows Privacy Protection is the browser hijacking spyware that also tricks users into buying fake antispyware products, such as Spymaxx and AntiSpyStorm2008. Once the spyware infects your...

When a Windows XP computer fails to boot, often the only way to save important files or repair the installation is to use the Windows Recovery Console. This can be a rather complicated process...

The files stored on a computer running Windows are organized in a way that is intended to be reminiscent of a paper-based office environment. Each computer file is similar to a document, and all...

Many people think they need to purchase a new computer if they want to run Windows XP. In fact, Windows XP doesn't have high system requirements. Meeting the recommended processor and memory...

When your computer is acting glitchy and you want to run some diagnostics, it's a good idea to boot up using Safe Mode. Safe Mode only loads the bare minimum of software used to make your...

A screen saver runs an image or animation across the screen when the computer has been inactive for a certain length of time.

Windows Search is a tool provided by Microsoft for Windows computers. It indexes all the files on your computer so that it can easily return results to you when you input a search term into the...

Managing all of the various windows that are open when you're working on a computer can sometimes be an overwhelming task. Luckily, Mac OS Tiger includes lots of little shortcuts to help you...

Sometimes, you need to transfer your UNIX server files to a Window-based server. Read on to learn how to migrate data from a UNIX server to a Windows server.

A Windows Service is an application that runs in its own Windows session. When a Windows service is running, it does not require any user interaction, and runs in the background, being almost...

A service pack is nothing more than a group of updates required to keep your computer operating system in good condition. A Microsoft service pack consists of a bundle of updates, fixes and...

A firewall is either hardware or software and attempts to prevent the intrusion of attackers from the Internet or another network of some type, such as a LAN. With the introduction of Windows XP,...

When transferring files from your PC to your Macintosh, you can significantly reduce your transfer time by simply sharing folders on your computer for the Mac computer to access. Folder sharing is...

An easy way to start Trillian Instant Messenger on your command is by adding a window shortcut for Trillian on your desktop. This allows you to quickly open Trillian without having to visit the...

Whether for personal or office use, your computer is your own and should reflect who you are. The look and appearance of your operating system is almost as important as the programs that are on...

Modern computers are becoming increasingly complex by the day. Sometimes you need to know what kinds of hardware is connected to your system, such as the various sound devices that either came...

By deleting the Windows XP games and accessories you don't use, you can free hard-drive space for other programs. Whether you use Windows XP for professional or personal purposes, you can always...

If you remember the old days of operating programs that crawled at a snail's pace, you realize what an amazing invention Windows is. But just like the engine of a car, you have to keep Windows at...

Most every Windows computer features a Start menu, and some Windows computers come pre-installed with "Windows" written on the Start menu. Some users might not want this phrasing on their Start...

The Windows Start Menu has evolved considerably over time. Today's Start Menus are highly customizable to the user's needs and function automatically to some degree. With the development of more...

As you install programs on your Windows XP computer, you may notice that your start-up process slows down and that your hard drive is working harder than it did in the past just to get to you to...

As you install programs on your Windows XP computer, you may notice that your start-up process slows down and that your hard drive is working harder than it did in the past just to get to you to...

Did you ever want to change your Windows startup sound to something a little more subdued or something that reflects your personality? Using the Control Panel in both Windows XP and Vista you can...

When the Windows operating system is executed, it uses a list of startup programs to assist in establishing your desktop environment. As you install new programs, some have the ability to add...

Allowing your Windows XP operating system to receive automatic updates from Microsoft is important to keeping your computer running smoothly. These updates contain fixes to problems in your...

When you can't play games on your PlayStation Portable, you can still use the device to listen to your digital library of music. Using Windows Media Player 11, PSP owners are able to sync music...

Although you own your computer and are considered the administrator of it, you cannot delete the Windows System files that are installed on it. This is because you are not considered the owner of...

Many people think they need to purchase a new computer if they want to run Windows XP. In fact, Windows XP doesn't have high system requirements. Meeting the recommended processor and memory...

Windows System Restore was originally created by Microsoft for Windows XP, but has become a fixture of every Windows operating system since that point. It's easy to see why this is the case, as...

Performing the role of system administrator is no simple task. Many responsibilities--both large and small--are included in the job description of a system administrator, whether the system is...

Since the clock format in Windows task bar is set to the 12-hour format by default, some personal computer (PC) users may prefer to change this format to the 24-hour format instead. There are...

There are many instances in Microsoft Windows where some problems may require expedient solutions. The Windows Task Manager lends itself to many such problems. Quite a few times, the central...

Windows operating systems have traditionally featured a taskbar at the bottom of the screen that contains buttons or tabs representing all open programs. Although Windows operating systems do not...

Windows gives you the ability to customize several aspects of the user interface, such as the colors of the display, the desktop background, and the sounds played by the operating system. Because...

Windows XP offers users a helpful feature known as Tooltips. These tips appear whenever a user mouses over a particular area of information within the operating system. There are times when this...

Getting locked out of a car can be a frustrating experience, but with the right tools, unlocking the car is a simple procedure. If the car is equipped with wing windows, two small tools are all...

If you have upgraded your old computer to a brand new one running Vista, you'll want to transfer some of the files from the old computer to the new one. The good news is that you can use Windows...

When Windows XP goes wrong, it can fail in minor ways and cause annoying problems, or it can fail in a major fashion that causes a complete crash of your hard drive. Either way, it is possible to...

Removing Windows Update Agent from your computer allows you to choose when you want to update your operating system. The update agent, when active, checks for updates for your computer every time...

If you already have a previous version of Windows, you will find that purchasing the upgrade DVD for Windows Vista is cheaper than buying the full version. Fresh installs will wipe clean your...

To run Windows from a USB drive, you must use special software to install Windows Vista pre-installed environment to the drive. A pre-installed environment is a condensed copy of an operating...

When you first log into your new computer you are asked to create a user name and profile. In addition, if you have different people accessing the computer, each individual may have his or her own...

Microsoft Windows XP operating system permits the creation of a user account for each person sharing a computer. Each user account can be customized for screen appearance, settings and privacy....

With the rise in pirated software, Microsoft has taken steps to ensure its customers possess legally purchased copies. To authenticate copies of its Windows operating systems and to help provide...

A computer's virtual memory is an area of the operating system that holds some or all of an application in a virtual environment while that particular task is accomplished. When the computer has...

All computers use a type of software called an operating system that runs all of the other programs on the computer. Microsoft has consistently released new editions of its Windows operating...

Add-ons for Microsoft Windows Explorer 8 are available from a variety of sources to enhance security and run programs, software and applications. Some add-ons are loaded into computers and waiting...

One of the Xbox 360's most popular features is its Xbox Live service, which allows gamers to compete online, stream Netflix movies and check Facebook, among other things. There are a few ways to...

Customizing your computer is a way to show your personality and interests and also means you can keep settings the way you want them. By changing your desktop background image, font and sidebar...

One of the main criticisms that Windows Vista received upon release in 2007 was that it rendered certain devices unusable. This was because the device driver, which is required for the device to...

Windows Vista has enhanced security features that allow for increased protection from all sorts of threats, such as viruses, spyware and adware. Understanding exactly how Windows Vista security...

Windows XP brought with it the advent of Media Center, an all in one media hub that families could use for various forms of entertainment. You could produce photo albums, listen to music, watch...

Windows Live Messenger is a messaging application that enables you to communicate with other users anywhere in the world. If you are not using it, or prefer the services of another messaging...

You've made the switch to Microsoft Windows Vista and everything is going along swimmingly until you hit that first glitch. As a Windows user, you've become used to that, but this time it's...

Microsoft's Windows Vista is one of the most powerful operating systems available today. It offers a wide range of options and features designed to make it easy for users to work, play and surf...

The complex programming of the Microsoft Windows Update in Vista consists of oversights that attract security holes. Responsible software developers then release updates to fix those bugs. Users...

If you already have a previous version of Windows, you will find that purchasing the upgrade DVD for Windows Vista is cheaper than buying the full version. Fresh installs will wipe clean your...

One of the great features of the Windows Vista operating system is its ability to add parental controls. You as a parent have more control over what content your children use on Vista than ever...

Quickly and easily create media files for use with Windows or for Internet streaming with Windows Media Encoder 9.0. The program also comes with the option to create a distribution for files and...

You can fix Windows problems or customize your Windows desktop by editing the Windows Registry. However, improper editing of the Registry can seriously cripple your Windows system. Use the...

Windows XP is part of Microsoft's New Technology (NT) line of operating systems. It is a very stable platform with networking capabilities built-in. Microsoft began phasing out Windows XP in favor...

The Windows XP Pro operating system accepts updates, known as Service Packs, from Microsoft that contain new drivers, security patches and other add-ons to make the operating system run better....

Games and software programs designed specifically for Windows 2000 may not run properly on Windows XP. This is because the way Windows XP operates is different from the way Windows 2000 operates....

Administrator privileges hold a number of advantages for users. Administrator privileges allow you to select security levels for certain programs and restrict the access of others users on your...

Microsoft Windows uses audio .wav files to welcome you when you log into or out of the Windows environment. Windows also uses the audio files to report errors or the opening or closing of program...

With the release of Windows XP, Microsoft included a backup tool that is used to automate backup procedures for home or office users. The tool is included with the operating system, and it can be...

When you insert a Windows XP disk into the CD/DVD drive of the computer, you will more than likely receive several different prompt windows asking you to launch a specific program. This barrage of...

When Windows XP is installed on a computer, it also installs several utilities that can be used to diagnose system problems, repair errors with the operating system and keep your computer...

Drivers are programs that instruct your particular operating system on the best way to interface with a piece of hardware. Obtaining a copy of your Windows drivers on your new Dell computer is a...

Installing Windows XP on a large hard drive (250 to 500 gigs) is a fairly straightforward procedure that is not much different than installing Windows XP on a smaller hard drive. The only real...

When you "format" a DVD in Windows XP, you are erasing all of the contents that are stored on the DVD at the same time. This is done so that you can empty out the disc and use it again for burning...

Multiple copies of the Windows operating system can be installed on a single partition. A boot menu is also used to choose the operating system to load when the computer starts. Normally, a second...

A great way to find out how a font will look after it is printed is to print a font sample. This requires you to access the Fonts folder from the Control Panel and choose which font sample you...

Windows XP came in three main flavors: Home, Professional and Media Center Edition. The majority of computers purchased for home use from companies like Dell or HP came with XP Home Edition. The...

Windows XP relies heavily on a Graphical User Interface (GUI) to transmit and receive input from its users. When you want to open files, you click on its graphical representation on the computer...

When Windows XP goes wrong, it can fail in minor ways and cause annoying problems, or it can fail in a major fashion that causes a complete crash of your hard drive. Either way, it is possible to...

Windows XP is a stable and robust platform for workstation installations. Microsoft includes a distribution called Windows PE for setting up a number of workstation clients across a network. The...

Windows XP is one of the world's premier operating systems, accounting for a vast majority of personal computers, as well as business machines. It is powerful and provides an incredible number of...

If you have failed to setup your Windows XP system with an account that possesses administrator privileges, there are certain tasks that you will not be able to perform. In this case, you must...

The Windows XP Task Manager is a powerful tool that controls Windows' vital functions, as well as the presence of applications in system memory. With the Task Manager, you can open and control...

Computers that were sold between the year 2000 and 2001 came with the Windows Millennium Edition operating system installed. If you have a Windows Millennium machine you can upgrade or change it...

If you want to load your Windows XP operating system without online functionality, the easiest way is to boot in to Safe Mode--Windows with a limited amount of drivers and options enabled. You can...

Creating an installation of Windows XP on top of your Linus installation will create a "Dual Boot" environment. This means that both operating systems will be on your computer, and you will be...

Installing Windows XP to another partition on your hard disk is a necessary task if you want to configure your computer to boot multiple operating systems. Installing Windows XP is relatively...

If you've forgotten your Windows XP password, don't worry. As long as you have your Windows XP CD, it's an easy fix. No matter your skill level, you can simply change your administrative password...

Hibernate mode is a function of the operating system that allows the computer to use much less power without fully shutting off. When the hibernate mode is non-functional or buggy, the only real...

The Windows XP Pro operating system accepts updates, known as Service Packs, from Microsoft that contain new drivers, security patches and other add-ons to make the operating system run better....

Damaged boot files in Windows XP prevent the operating system from starting in Normal Mode, although you may be able to access Safe Mode. If you are able to enter Safe Mode, try to copy damaged...

Windows XP is one of the world's premier operating systems, accounting for a vast majority of personal computers, as well as business machines. It is powerful and provides an incredible number of...

Windows XP is a Microsoft operating system that allows you to run programs on your computer. Programs can be added or removed based on what you need on your computer. To free up hard drive space,...

Creating a Windows XP Recovery Console will give you an additional system tool when booting up the computer. The Recovery Console can help you fix boot problems, replace critical system files,...

Windows XP registry is, in the most basic sense, the brain behind the system that keeps a computer running. The XP registry contains all of the data that the operating system needs to function and...

Even the fastest computers eventually begin to run slowly. In most cases, you can fix this by removing spyware or viruses, stopping unnecessary programs running in the background or freeing space...

Many people think they need to purchase a new computer if they want to run Windows XP. In fact, Windows XP doesn't have high system requirements. Meeting the recommended processor and memory...

The advent of the Windows operating system made it is easier than ever to run and execute programs without having to learn and memorize lengthy commands or use a confusing text-only interface....

Windows XP is a very powerful operating system, and is the standard for most businesses. That doesn't mean it's without its flaws. There are times when things go wrong, software conflicts with...

Stop security alerts from Windows interrupting you. Those interruptions have the effect of breaking your whole train of thought when one pops up. You can get rid of them quickly. Outlined here is...

The Windows XP Pro operating system accepts updates, known as Service Packs, from Microsoft that contain new drivers, security patches and other add-ons to make the operating system run better....

The Windows XP Pro operating system accepts updates, known as Service Packs, from Microsoft that contain new drivers, security patches and other add-ons to make the operating system run better....

Policy Settings on the Windows XP operating system control which users on the computer have access to certain programs and features. If your group policy settings become hopelessly muddled or...

If you want to specify access to certain files on your computer by specific users and groups, you need to set advanced-level file and folder permissions. Before this is possible, you must disable...

Windows XP x64 is a 64-bit operating system, which means the OS uses additional characters to assign memory locations. The upside of this is that your computer will be capable of using more RAM...

Although you might think that your operating system has little to do with the speed of your Internet connection, that is not entirely the case. While the operating system cannot increase the speed...

As you install programs on your Windows XP computer, you may notice that your start-up process slows down and that your hard drive is working harder than it did in the past just to get to you to...

As you install programs on your Windows XP computer, you may notice that your start-up process slows down and that your hard drive is working harder than it did in the past just to get to you to...

Many people think they need to purchase a new computer if they want to run Windows XP. In fact, Windows XP doesn't have high system requirements. Meeting the recommended processor and memory...

Learn how to make a system checkpoint, useful for any future need. Also, learn how to restore your system using these checkpoints. You just never know when a bad software/hardware installation...

The Windows XP Task Manager is a powerful tool that controls Windows' vital functions, as well as the presence of applications in system memory. With the Task Manager, you can open and control...

When Windows XP goes wrong, it can fail in minor ways and cause annoying problems, or it can fail in a major fashion that causes a complete crash of your hard drive. Either way, it is possible to...

Sometimes a Windows XP update will appear on your desktop at the most inconvenient times. You can postpone the Windows XP update so it will appear at a time that is more convenient for you.

"Slipstreaming" refers to a custom installation of an operating system, which may or may not contain all of the features found in the original retail version. If you have slipstreamed your version...

Microsoft Windows XP allows multiple users to access the same computer. The benefit of this is that each user has her own personal files and settings customized according to her profile. If you...

Turn your Windows XP Home CD into Windows XP Professional by enabling specific features. You can change only an Installation CD or a Recovery CD, not a version you've already installed.

WPA is short for Wi-Fi Protected Access, a security standard for wireless networks. It replaced Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) and is designed to work with wireless network interface cards. WPA...

If you want to shut down the computer or simply change users, you must log off from Windows XP first. This process requires you to access the "Log Off Windows" dialog box from the Windows XP Start...

When you have multiple desktop or laptop computers in a single location it can become complicated to run network cables between all of them. If you don't want to organize cables or be constrained...

Documents created in Microsoft Word 2000 can be opened in Word 2007. If you open your older document in Word 2007, the newer program opens it in Compatibility Mode. This mode allows you to see,...

Microsoft Works 4.5 is an older application that combines many useful Microsoft programs, such as a word processor, spreadsheet, and a database. This version is available at a substantially lower...

Compatibility problems have robbed many users of the enjoyment of their favorite old games and applications when running Windows Vista. Fortunately, Vista has several compatibility features that...

The task of writing to a file with Java is greatly simplified with Input/Output streams. These are a group of classes used for basic I/O and include classes for serialization that allows a program...

When you try to delete a file, there are occasions when it simply will not delete. This can happen for a variety of reasons. If the file is write-protected, it will not delete because it is a...

When you insert a Windows XP disk into the CD/DVD drive of the computer, you will more than likely receive several different prompt windows asking you to launch a specific program. This barrage of...

Networks have developed far beyond the original mainframe-and-workstations concept. Today, mainframes are called servers, and networks can share a wider range of information on various platforms....

When Windows XP is installed on a computer, it also installs several utilities that can be used to diagnose system problems, repair errors with the operating system and keep your computer...

Drivers are programs that instruct your particular operating system on the best way to interface with a piece of hardware. Obtaining a copy of your Windows drivers on your new Dell computer is a...

When you "format" a DVD in Windows XP, you are erasing all of the contents that are stored on the DVD at the same time. This is done so that you can empty out the disc and use it again for burning...

XP Home is a fairly robust operating system, but it does not contain all of the possible bells and whistles of the Microsoft Windows XP line. The top performing version of Windows XP is XP Media...

Windows XP relies heavily on a Graphical User Interface (GUI) to transmit and receive input from its users. When you want to open files, you click on its graphical representation on the computer...

If you have failed to setup your Windows XP system with an account that possesses administrator privileges, there are certain tasks that you will not be able to perform. In this case, you must...

In the Microsoft Windows XP operating system users have a range of options for installing programs. Among these options is the ability to select a custom directory for installation files to be...

Windows XP, first released in 2001, was the fifth next-generation edition of the Microsoft Windows operating system. Changes from Windows 2000 included a much more user-friendly graphical user...

Creating an installation of Windows XP on top of your Linus installation will create a "Dual Boot" environment. This means that both operating systems will be on your computer, and you will be...

Installing Windows XP to another partition on your hard disk is a necessary task if you want to configure your computer to boot multiple operating systems. Installing Windows XP is relatively...

The "Print to File" option will allow you to print information directly to a file on your hard drive, which can make saving items like web pages and other non-traditional documents much easier. If...

The Windows XP Pro operating system accepts updates, known as Service Packs, from Microsoft that contain new drivers, security patches and other add-ons to make the operating system run better....

Windows XP is one of the world's premier operating systems, accounting for a vast majority of personal computers, as well as business machines. It is powerful and provides an incredible number of...

Windows XP is a Microsoft operating system that allows you to run programs on your computer. Programs can be added or removed based on what you need on your computer. To free up hard drive space,...

The registry is the storehouse of all valuable data on your computer, containing the variables and settings needed to make all of your installed software run. Therefore, when something goes wrong...

The XP Recovery Console can be used to correct problems preventing Windows from booting properly. Recovery Console can also be used to assist in removing malware when the malware has prevented the...

The Windows XP Remote Desktop Utility allows you to view the screen of another Windows XP computer as if you were sitting in front of it. While not particularly useful to the home user,...

Many people think they need to purchase a new computer if they want to run Windows XP. In fact, Windows XP doesn't have high system requirements. Meeting the recommended processor and memory...

Installing Windows XP from a Restore CD should only be done as an absolute last resort after all other attempts have failed. While this method presents a high likelihood of getting your machine...

It used to be that if you wanted to use a screen saver you either had to use one of the simple ones built into Windows or you had to settle for a slideshow of still images that you'd saved to your...

If you want to specify access to certain files on your computer by specific users and groups, you need to set advanced-level file and folder permissions. Before this is possible, you must disable...

Zip drives are older pieces of technology that allow for the use of higher-density floppy disks that store more data than their standard floppy disk brethren. Using a Zip drive with Windows XP...

A startup, or "boot" disk is an important tool in diagnosing problems or restoring data from a computer that has an operating system that will not function correctly. File corruption, virus...

Windows XP offers users a helpful feature known as Tooltips. These tips appear whenever a user mouses over a particular area of information within the operating system. There are times when this...

The Microsoft Windows XP operating system uses a set of standard toolbar options for any program you run. In some instances you may not like the layout of the toolbar or may want extra buttons for...

When Windows XP goes wrong, it can fail in minor ways and cause annoying problems, or it can fail in a major fashion that causes a complete crash of your hard drive. Either way, it is possible to...

Whenever you have software that needs updating in Windows XP, a notification will appear on your computer. You can install, postpone or view the details of this update. The details will reveal,...

"Slipstreaming" refers to a custom installation of an operating system, which may or may not contain all of the features found in the original retail version. If you have slipstreamed your version...