- Most cases of cervical cancer are caused by infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV), according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Only some forms of HPV carry a risk of cervical cancer, and most women who have HPV have infections that clear up without leading to cancer. Chlamydia may also increase a woman's chances of developing cervical cancer, according to the American Cancer Society.
- Women who smoke are more likely than other women to develop cervical cancer. Chemicals found in tobacco smoke may alter cervical cells and contribute to the development of cancer, report the experts at the American Cancer Society. Poor diet and obesity can also contribute to a woman's risk. People with weakened immune systems, such as women living with HIV/AIDS, are also more likely to develop cervical cancer as the result of infection with HPV.
- Two different sexual factors contribute to a woman's chances of developing cervical cancer. Women who have sex before the age of 18 have a higher risk of developing cervical cancer. This may be because HPV affects young cervical cells differently than those of more mature women. Increasing numbers of sexual partners also contribute to a woman's cervical cancer risk, as this increases the number of times she is exposed to HPV.
- Having multiple pregnancies appears to increase a woman's risk of developing cervical cancer. This may result from repeated unprotected sex, increasing chances of contracting HPV or because of the negative impact of pregnancy on the immune system. The use of oral contraceptives (birth control pills) also increases a woman's risk; this risk can, however, be reversed once a woman stops taking birth control pills.
- Having a close female relative, such as a mother or sister, who developed cervical cancer seems to indicate that a woman is increased risk for developing cervical cancer. This may be due to either genetic factors or because of shared social risk factors like diet and smoking.
- Routine pap smears can detect abnormal cervical cells before they develop into cancer. Pap smears can also show cancer of the cervix in its earliest stages so that treatment can be begun early, which increases the chances of curing the illness.
