What Are the Causes of Swollen Thyroid Glands?
The thyroid gland is a small organ with a big job. It releases T3 and T4 thyroid hormones, which are responsible for metabolic functions in the body. The thyroid gland is very sensitive, and it can become swollen for a number of reasons. Swelling of the thyroid gland is nearly always the sign of some kind of thyroid problem and should always be checked out by your doctor.
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Autoimmune Disease
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There are two types of autoimmune disease which directly affect the thyroid gland: Graves' Disease and Hashimoto's Thyroiditis. Graves' Disease causes the thyroid gland to become overactive and produce too much thyroid hormones, while Hashimoto's is linked to underactive thyroids. Most people associate Graves' Disease with a swollen thyroid since patients may develop a goiter, but in reality, the thyroid can become swollen with both conditions.
Iodine Deficiency
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The thyroid requires iodine to function properly. Without the proper amount of iodine, the thyroid will slow its production of thyroid hormones. In response, the pituitary gland will make more thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) to try to kickstart the thyroid. The excess TSH will cause the thyroid to swell. Note that iodine deficiency is rare in Western countries since iodine is added to table salt to offer thyroid support.
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Pregnancy
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It is not uncommon for women to develop thyroid problems during pregnancy, as the thyroid becomes more active than normal. In particular, the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin is released during pregnancy and can cause thyroid swelling.
Other Causes
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One of the symptoms of thyroid cancer is a swollen thyroid. The whole gland may become swollen or a localized swelling in the form of a lump or nodule may appear. Silent Thyroiditis and De Quervin's Thyroiditis, inflammations of the thyroid that are not autoimmune-related, may also cause the gland to swell.
Signs of a Swollen Thyroid
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If your thyroid is significantly swollen, you may be able to see it just by looking at your neck. There may be a visible lump where your thyroid gland is, or your neck may just look large and puffy. Difficulty swallowing and hoarseness are also signs your thyroid may be swollen. The swollen gland may be painless, or it may be tender to the touch. Often swelling associated with autoimmune disease is painless, while thyroiditis can be painful. If you experience any symptoms of a swollen thyroid, visit your doctor to determine the cause and get treatment.
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