Phlebotomy Basics
Phlebotomy is the act of taking a blood sample from a patient for laboratory analysis. It is a critical part of the health care world. This is a relatively simple procedure, but it must be done with the utmost care and precision to avoid harming the patient. There are very specific guidelines for technique that must be adhered to in order to assure the accuracy of the specimen.
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Training
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Phlebotomists should be highly trained in their profession. Some states have very specific certification requirements and others are more lax. It is important to check with your state regulating agency to find out what is needed to work in this field in your state. Phlebotomists should at least have a basic understanding of human anatomy, especially that of the circulatory system and the venous structure of the arm. They should be aware of the proper tools to use in each situation, how to deal with upset patients, issues to watch for as they are performing the procedure, privacy issues and basic first aid. Continuing education should always be supported to allow the phlebotomist to be aware of the latest developments in the field.
Patient
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A phlebotomist must ensure that the correct patient is about to have his blood drawn. It is necessary to have the patient tell you his name. In an outpatient setting, this is a must, unless you have a child who will be identified by a parent. In an inpatient setting, if the patient is unable to identify herself, a phlebotomist must be certain to match the patient's identification bracelet to the order form. The phlebotomist should also, if possible, find out if the patient has had difficulty with previous phlebotomy procedures.
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Hand Washing and Gloves
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It is absolutely imperative that a phlebotomist washes her hands before and after each phlebotomy. This is non-negotiable. Hand washing is the best defense against spreading infection and disease. Gloves must be worn each and every time a phlebotomy is performed. If a patient has a phlebotomist who is not wearing gloves, the patient should refuse to allow the draw until the phlebotomist remedies the situation. This practice protects both the phlebotomist and the patient.
Proper Tools
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Each phlebotomist should assemble the tools needed prior to starting the procedure. At a minimum, clean gloves, a tourniquet, needles, blood collection tubes, gauze, alcohol pads and tape and a marking pen should be readily available and easily reached. The patient should be examined to determine which gauge of needle is most appropriate. If specialized tests are ordered, the phlebotomist should find out the exact requirements before beginning the procedure.
Bedside Manner
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Most patients have an aversion to having their blood drawn. It is very important for a phlebotomist to be pleasant and polite throughout the procedure. Patients may be scared or anxious, and they need to be reassured by the phlebotomist. The phlebotomist must be aware of any changes in the patient's demeanor during the procedure. They must watch for signs of the patient feeling faint. If that occurs, end the phlebotomy immediately and stabilize the patient. Follow the guidelines of your institution regarding follow up care.
Warning
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Phlebotomy is an exciting career that allows a person to really make a difference in health care. However, it's necessary to take the position seriously and be alert and aware of your patient at all times. This is not a job for anyone who isn't precise, careful and attentive.
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