Multiple Learning Styles
The pioneer in learning styles theory is Howard Gardner, whose 1983 work "Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences" revolutionized educators' approaches to planning and implementing curriculum. Before the release of this study, traditional educators considered students empty vessels to fill with information. Learning styles theory argues that students possess innate intelligences that inform how they absorb, recall and present concepts.
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Types
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Gardner identified and defined seven learning styles in his initial study, including linguistic, mathematical-logical, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, musical, interpersonal and intrapersonal. In later research he added naturalist and spiritual learning styles to his list. He has toyed with adding another learning style, existential, to describe learners who seek higher meaning and answers to ultimate questions of life and existence.
Function
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Gardner's work suggests that individuals tend to learn best by using a specific learning style. Linguistic learners enjoy lectures, writing and language play. Mathematical learners work with numbers, patterns and formulas. Bodily-kinesthetic learners absorb information through action and motor activities. Spatial learners utilize visual art techniques to express themselves. Musical learners appreciate rhythm, rhyme, poetry, music and dance. Interpersonal learners use group work and discussion to glean information. Intrapersonal learners require reflection and analysis before jumping into activities. Naturalist learners integrate with their environment. Spiritual and existential learners explore issues surrounding existence and belief systems.
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Features
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Educators who embrace multiple learning styles theory create classrooms that are student-centered. Activities tend to be open-ended and allow students to consider concepts in accordance with their particular learning styles. Units integrate the curricular areas rather than keeping them as distinct parts, so a science unit on the properties of water extends to literature, mathematical graphs, dances, games, songs and other activities that address the theme.
Considerations
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Assessing work based on multiple intelligences proves complicated. Many teachers must abandon the traditional focus on standardized assessments to use ongoing assessments for students. Portfolios are an ideal platform for recording and showcasing student progress. Educators may opt for students to retain final copies and results of projects, or may prefer that portfolios contain research, graphic organizers, critiques and drafts.
Misconceptions
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Multiple learning styles theory asserts that students do not have a singular approach to digesting a topic. However, some people assume students are restricted to a particular learning style or equate a learning style with aptitude. However, students evolve in their interests and pursuits, and can sample approaches, integrating other learning styles. Educators must keep in mind that no single technique can reach every student, while using multiple strategies allows understanding by different types of learners.
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