Development of Insulin Resistance
Insulin resistance (commonly referred to as pre-diabetes) is a condition in which the body does not properly respond to insulin, a hormone that enables utilization of glucose to make energy. This weakened response results in increased levels of insulin in the body, ultimately leading to type 2 diabetes.
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Definition
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In insulin resistance, a greater-than-normal amount of insulin is required to help glucose enter the cells of the body. Insulin resistance most commonly occurs when fat, muscle and liver tissues fail to respond properly to insulin. The pancreas responds by working harder to produce more insulin to metabolize the circulating blood glucose and keep pace with the body's energy demands.
Causes
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Insulin resistance has been attributed to both genetic and environmental factors. Key risk factors include excess weight and low physical activity. More specific risk factors include history of relatives with type 2 diabetics, elderly age, women that previously had gestational diabetes and obesity (defined as a body mass index, or BMI, of greater than 30).
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Diagnosis
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Insulin resistance typically develops early in the progression toward type 2 diabetes. Blood tests to determine the amount of insulin in blood, such as the fasting glucose test and the glucose tolerance test, are used as part of the diagnosis process. If tests reveal that the person is pre-diabetic or type 2 diabetic, then insulin resistance is most likely the underlying cause.
Symptoms
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Symptoms of insulin resistance are typically not clearly evident and can last for several years until type 2 diabetes develops. Some people with insulin resistance display acanthosis nigricans, which are dark circles or dark patches of skin around the neck, elows, knees and armpits.
Treatment
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Treatment plans for insulin resistance generally consist of a combination of diet and exercise aimed at maintaining consistent blood glucose levels. Diet plans generally monitor carbohydrate, protein and sugar intake. Exercise plans are also recommended to stimulate more sensitive muscle uptake of glucose.
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