What Is a Tonic-Clonic Seizure?
According to the Merck Index, a seizure is defined as a periodic disturbance in the brain's electrical activity that results in some degree of temporary brain dysfunction. A tonic-clonic seizure is a specific type of seizure that is largely characterized by an abnormal discharge of cerebral neurons in the central part of the brain.
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Significance
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There are generally two types of seizures: primary generalized seizures and secondary generalized seizures. A tonic-clonic can be both a primary or secondary generalized seizure, but the electrical signal eventually spreads throughout the entire brain, leading to convulsion and loss of consciousness.
Causes
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The cause for a seizure varies depending upon the age of onset. Under age 2, tonic-clonic seizures are most commonly caused by high body temperatures or a metabolic disorder. After age 25, tonic-clonic seizures are typically attributed to head injuries, strokes or tumor. Between the ages of 2 and 14, most seizures are idiopathic, or have an unknown cause.
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Symptoms
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Some individuals who have tonic-clonic seizures experience a sensation known as an aura prior to a loss of consciousness. (An aura can be one of a range of generalized warning signs such as a feeling of tension or anxiety, or a bad taste in the mouth.) All tonic-clonic seizure also include an overall loss of muscle control. Other symptoms may include excess salivation, jaw clenching, tongue biting and loss of bladder control.
How to React
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The most important thing a bystander can do during a seizure is to protect the victim from injuring herself on nearby objects. In addition, an ambulance may not always be necessary if the individual has a history of seizures.
Treatment
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Doctors choose the treatment method based upon the root cause of the seizure. If the seizure is related to a fever or hyperglycemia, for example, medication is not needed. However, if a series of tests reveals that the cause is a seizure disorder, then medication is available to prevent seizures.
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