About Metalworking Fluids
Metalworking fluids, otherwise known as MWFs, are a group of industrial-use oils and lubricant liquids. They are used to decrease friction and reduce heat during metal forming, cutting machining and grinding. Using MWFs also helps enhance the overall quality of the final product.
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Identification
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Generally, four types or formulas of MWFs are produced. However, all metalworking fluids can include additives like: defoamers, dyes, anti-weld agents, biocides, corrosion inhibitors, stabilizers, dispersants and fragrance. Unlike the first two types of MWFs that are made mostly of oils, the last two types of metalworking fluids are made of fluid and other substances.
Oil MWFs
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The first type of metalworking fluid is called straight oil, otherwise known as neat or cutting oil. Straight oil is usually derived from petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic oils. Straight oils cannot be diluted with water. The second type of oil is called soluble oil. This MWF consists of no more than 85 percent highly refined petroleum oil. It contains emulsifiers to help the oil spread well in the water, and it's water soluble.
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Fluid MWFs
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The third type of metalworking fluid is called semi-synthetic fluid. This water-soluble MWF is made up of less than 1/3 petroleum oil, and the rest is water and other additives. The final type of MWF, also water soluble, is called pure synthetic fluid. Unlike the other three types, this metalworking fluid contains no petroleum oil at all. Instead, detergent-like components and other additives are added.
Contamination
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During manufacturing, all types of metalworking fluid can be contaminated by small particles of metals and other materials produced during the manufacturing process. Other oils that are used on machinery can mix with MWFs and cause contamination. Other chemicals and liquids on the worksite (water, cleaning solutions) can also mix and change the composition of the MWFs.
Also, the three water-soluble metalworking fluids are prone to bacteria, fungus and other microbial contamination. With long-term storage, nitrosamines can also form in water-soluble MWFs and produce nitrous oxide.
Potential Health Risks
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Improper use of MWFs can result in severe health problems for workers. Many workers come in contact through inhalation of the mist or vapor, or skin contact with the fluid. If good hygiene and safety practices aren't followed carefully, oil acne, skin irritation, allergies, asthma, eye irritation, lung irritation, breathing difficulties, hypersensitivity, pneumonitis or bronchitis may result. Prolonged exposure to MWFs increases the risk of certain types of cancer--including bladder, pancreas, rectum, larynx, skin, scrotum and esophagus.
Safety Precautions
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If you work with MWFs, make sure to follow all safety precautions. Choose a metalworking fluid that is less toxic to reduce your exposure to dangerous chemicals. Make sure your workplace has adequate delivery, ventilation and cooling systems. Wash your hands and your clothes to ensure the metalworking fluid residue doesn't remain after use. Wear all necessary protective gear and use barrier creams if necessary. Make sure any recycled chemicals are used and stored properly. Keep all industrial equipment and the workplace clean.
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