About Apache Masks

Apaches have many sacred rituals, including Gaan (or Ga'an) dances. They developed very distinctive masks for the dancers who represent these mountain spirits.

Identification

Apache Gaan dances usually take place at night, which make the effects of the masks more spectacular. The dancer's face is covered in a black buckskin or a cloth hood, completely obscuring his face, except for tiny eye-holes. The top and sides of the mask are elaborate and brightly colored, shaped like spiderwebs, lightning bolts or antler racks. The headdress is often painted with zigzags or animals. The framework was often made of yucca stakes. Shells, bits of glass or feathers are added for decoration.

Significance

According to legend, Gaan are agents from the Supreme Being. They are charged with teaching the Apache to live better lives. The Gaan teach with song, dance and wearing of masks. Gaan dances are thought to give blessings to many ceremonies.

Misconceptions

Gaan were not demons or devils, as white people sometimes claimed. Gaans never hurt anyone.

Warning

Apache legend says that no one may wear the Gaan mask for any other reason than a sacred one. Otherwise, the wearer will go insane.

Theories/Speculation

Members of many other Native American tribes also dress up as helpful and powerful spirits. For example, Hopi spirits, called kachinas, act similarly to Gaan.

Resources

• The American Indian: The People of the Desert
• Notice of Intent to Repatriate Cultural Items (inlcuding 19 Gaan masks)
• Fort Apache Indian Reservation